... which infiltrate the lungs during endotoxemia, produce cytokines, such as interleu-kin-1β and TNF-α, and play a key role in the devel-opment of ALI by releasing neutrophil proteases and reactive ... injury such as gut and liver I/R injury22. This process is as-sociated with activation of inflammatory reaction, including the increased activity of NF-κB and the in- creased inflammatory mediators ... Emulsified isoflurane preconditioning markedly attenuated hepatic I/R-induced lung injury in rats, which may be hopefully applied to the clinical treatment of organ injury caused by hepatic surgery,...