... stochastic gradient algorithms since the
instantaneous estimate of the gradient vector is a random vector that depends on the input data
90 INTRODUCTION TO SMART ANTENNAS
-9 0 -7 5 -6 0 -4 5 -3 0 -1 5 ... such low-complexity algorithms are the binormalized data-reusing least mean-square (BN-
DRLMS) [ 162 ], the normalized new data-reusing (NNDR) [ 163 ], and the affine...
... fixed to the optimum direction (toward which the signal -to- noise
ratio is maximized). In this direction the maximum of the pattern is ideally toward the desired
signal.
30 INTRODUCTION TO SMART ANTENNAS
0 ... 40
b
(dB)
10
-7
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
1
P
b
MRC diversity
AWGN channel
L=1
L=2
L=3L=4
FIGURE 3 .6: The MRC diversity technique [72]....
... series
SYNTHESIS LECTURES ON ANTENNAS #5
Lecture #5
Series Editor: Constantine A. Balanis, Arizona State University
First Edition
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
vi INTRODUCTION TO SMART ANTENNAS
4.4 Smart Antenna Configurations ... reliable and robust high-speed high-data-rate transmission. The
purpose of this book is to provide the reader a broad view of the system aspects of smart a...
... observations
become “full-rank”. The approach of MUSIC, and other subspace-based methods, is to first
82 INTRODUCTION TO SMART ANTENNAS
-9 0 -7 5 -6 0 -4 5 -3 0 -1 5 0 15 30 45 60 75 90
(degrees)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
MUSIC ... vector wavenumber of the incident plane from the ith narrowband source and
D is the vector displacement between the two subarrays. If we ass...
... station)
space-time
processing
smart antennas
MISO/SIMO
MIMO
FIGURE 8.3: Space–time processing; applications and benefits [25].
132 INTRODUCTION TO SMART ANTENNAS
is considered to be frequency-flat, the ... Nevertheless, extremely good Signal -to- Noise-ratios are required to achieve this goal.
Multiple antennas on the terminal side are believed to increase the rate further...
... adaptive beam-forming. Fig. 9.2 illustrates the functional diagram of Spotlight
.
Another product by the same company is the SmartCell
. It is a targeted, sector-by-
sector smart antenna ... to continual advances in the
field, it is expected that the usage of smart antennas will continue to grow.
COMMERCIAL AVAILABILITY OF SMART ANTENNAS 153
FIGURE 9.3: The use of standard or...