... epithe-lium [177]. In vivo, FGF-2 likely increases the invasion of inflammatory cells into renal tissue, leading to renalinjury. Interestingly, Vpr has been implicated in the development of ... may have varying effects on the HIV-1 LTR depending on the context of proinflamma-tory and anti-inflammatory signals, in addition to GRpathways. The interrelationship of Vpr functions and theirrelevance ... and another involvingenergy [39]. In summary, Vpr may use importin-a in anon-conventional, energy independent manner, but m ayalso use a yet undetermined mediator in the absence of importin-a...