... agents. The basic regulators of blood vessels in the CNSappear to be VEGF–VEGFR, angiopoietin–Tie and BBB-related factors, but the molecular basis of thesesignaling pathways is not fully understood. ... from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan, a grant from the program‘Research for the Future’ of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and the ... pro-angiogenic and Fig. 3. The VEGF-B–VEGFR-1 system expressed on motor neuronsacts to stop degeneration. VEGFR-1 is expressed on motor neu-rons, and its ligand VEGF-B activates the receptor to generate...