... factorregulation,interferon-a, 203, 204interleukin-1, 202interleukin-4, 202interleukin -6 , 202, 203interleukin-11, 203macrophage colony-stimulatingfactor, 200, 201osteoprotegerin, 201RANKL, 200transforming ... malformations and variations have been published periodi-cally to aid in the interpretation of findings in a particular study and to illustrate the background inci-dence of effects of interest in rats ... signaling,154, 155long bone development orchestrationwith Indian hedgehog, 159– 162 , 166 – 169 molecular mechanisms, 153, 154overview, 149, 150, 162 – 165 retinoic acid receptor signaling and establishment...