...
|||||
).
C
N
C
C
C
N
O
O
H
H
H
H
CH
3
C
N
C
C
C
N
O
O
H
H
H
N
C
C
C
N
C
N
C
N
H
H
H
NH
2
N
C
C
C
N
C
N
C
NH
H
O
H
2
N
H
CC
C
C
CH
2
HO
H
H
HO
H
OH
OH
H
O
CC
C
C
CH
2
HO
H
H
HO
H
H
OH
H
O
P
O
-
O
-
-
O
O
Occur in both DNA
and RNA
Uracil (U)
Thymine (T)
Adenine (A)
Guanine(G)
Phosphate
2-Deoxy-β-D-
ribofuranose
C
N
C
C
C
N
NH
2
O
HH
H
H
Cytosine (C)
β-D-Ribofuranose
Occur ... Medic...
... substances and their
metabolites react biochemically in an organism to exert a toxic effect. Chapter 7 is devoted to
defining and explaining toxicological chemistry, and Chapters 10–19 cover the toxicological ...
.
6.1.5 Toxicological Chemistry
Toxicological chemistry relates chemistry to toxicology. It deals with the chemical nature of
toxic substances, how they are...
... phosphorylation.
C
CPO
3
CO
H
HHO
H
H
O
C
CPO
3
CO
PO
3
HHO
H
H
O
O
C
CPO
3
CO
AsO
3
HHO
H
H
O
O
2-
2-
2-
2-
3-
Phosphate
Glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate
Additional processes
leading to ATP
formation
3-
Arsenite (AsO
3
)
1-arseno- 3-
phosophoglycerate
Spontaneous ... element?
SS
Cd
H
+
S
H
+
S
H
Cd
2+
+
C
CPO
3
CO
H
HHO
H
H
O
C
CPO
3
CO
PO
3
HHO
H
H
O
O
C
CPO
3
CO
AsO
3
HHO...
... As
OH
O
OH
NO
2
3-Nitro-4-hydroxyphenyl-
arsinic acid (Roxarsone)
HO As
OH
O
H
H
CNH
2
O
N-carbamoylarsinic acid
(Carbarsone)
N
N
N
SCH
H
H
As OHHO
O
H
2-Methylthio- 4-( 2'-phenylarsenic acid )-
aminopyrimidine
L1618Ch12Frame ... compounds found in seaweed and in sheep feeding on the seaweed.
β-D-Ribofuranoside,
2,3-dihydroxypropyl
5-deoxy- 5-( dimethylarsinyl)
(an arsenosugar)...
... are only three major ones:
trans
-
2-butene-1-thiol,
trans
-2 -butenyl-1-thioacetate, and 3-methyl-1-butanethiol
5
:
17.2.5 Carbon Disulfide and Carbon Oxysulfide
Carbon disulfide
... beverages.
HCCCCSSCCCCH
HHHH
HHHH
HHHH
HHHH
SS
n-Butyldisulfide Diphenyldisulfide
Trans -2 -butene-1-thiol
C
H
H
H
H
H
CC
HS
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
CC
S
H
H
CC
O
C
H
H
H
Trans -2 -buten...
... of
environmental chemistry. Chapter 3, Biochemistry, ” gives the fundamentals of the chemistry of
life processes essential to understanding toxicological chemistry and biochemistry. Chapter 4,
“Metabolic ... 100 known elements which may be found in any
Figure
1.2
Atoms of carbon and nitrogen.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
An atom of carbon, symbol...
... C
O
O
-
CHH
C
O
O
-
CHH
CO
-
O
CC
O
O
-
CHH
C
O
O
-
CH
CO
-
O
H
HO
C
C
CO
-
O
HH
O
O
-
O
C
HHC
Citrate Isocitrate α-Ketoglutarate
C
C
S
HH
O
O
-
O
C
HHC
CoA
CHH
O
-
O
C
HHC
C
O
O
-
C
O
-
O
C
C
C
O
O
-
H
H
C
O
-
O
C
C
C
O
O
-
H
HH
OH
C
O
-
O
C
C
C
O
O
-
O
HH
Oxaloacetate Malate Fumarate ... with acetyl-CoA from glycolysis to s...
... benzo(a)pyrene 7, 8-
diol-9,10-epoxide.
Benzo(a)pyrene
{O}, epoxidation
O
Benzo(a)pyrene
7,8-epoxide
+ H
2
O, epoxide
hydrolase
HO
HO
Benzo(a)pyrene
7,8-diol
benzo(a)pyrene
7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide
HO
HO
O
{O}, ... DNA
N
C
N
C
C
C
N
N
CH
H
O
H
2
N
N
C
N
C
C
C
N
N
CH
H
O
H
2
N
CH
3
CH
3
Dimethylnitros- 3,3-Dimethyl- 1- 1,2-Dimethylhydra- Methylmethane-
ONN
CH
3
CH
3
NN
HH
H
3
CCH
3
CH
3
S
O...
... facile detection of
β
-galactosidase activity. This
is accomplished with the chromogenic substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl-
β
-D-galactopyrano-
side, which is metabolized by
β
-galactosidase to ... Zetterqulist, H., and Olerup, O., HLA-DR, -DQ, and -DP alleles in nickel, chromium
and/ or cobalt-sensitive individuals: genomic analysis based on restriction fragment length polymor-
phis...