... [39,40]. In mediating its suppressive effects, TGF-β signalsthrough the type I and type II TGF-β serine–threoninekinase receptors, T RI and T RII. Interaction of the TGF-βligand with these receptors ... anddocumentation of their in vivo potential was an importantnext step. In pursuit of this goal, recent studiesdemonstrated for the first time that the transfer of in vitrogenerated Treg into disease ... function.Perturbations in this immunoregulatory circuit can occurthrough dysregulation of the inhibitory Smad, Smad7,which typically represses TGF-β signaling by interactingwith activated TGF-β receptors to...