... K Witrisal, On impact of topology and cost function on LSEposition determination in wireless networks, inProceedings of the Workshop on Positioning, Navigation, and Communication, 129–138 (2006)33. ... pro-posed direct algorithm are demonstrated through com-puter simulations. Finally, conclusions are presented inSection 6.2 ML-TOA estimationOne OFDM symbol duration is T + TG,whereTGis theguard ... location estimator.Keywords: indoor positioning, maximum likelihood (ML), time-of-arrival (TOA), direct location estimation1 Introduction With the emergence of location-based applications andthe...