... elements of Zn, Mn, O, and adventitious C (a). The high-resolution XPS spectra of Zn (b) and Mn (c) species. Figure 4. Illustration of the formation process. Figure 5. Raman scattering (a) and ... well [31]. The XPS data of Zn2p and Mn2p further provide evidences for the incorporation of Mn2+ ions into ZnO. To obtain a better understanding of the formation of Mn-doped ZnO HMSs, a ... stretching mode of ZnO [29]. However, in the case of the Zn1−xMnxO HMSs (x =0.02, 0.05, and 0.07), the values of absorption bands are found to be blueshifted at 438, 445, and 456 cm−1,...