... is the angle from a to b and n is a unit vector that is orthogonal to a and b and in the direction s uch that
the ordered triple of vectors a, b and n form a right-handed system.
29
a
b
b
θ
b
Figure ... vectors a and b. We can write b = b
⊥
+ b
where b
⊥
is orthogonal to a and b
is
parallel to a. Show that
a × b = a × b
⊥
.
Finally prove the distributive law for arbitrary b...
... of x and an increasing
function of δ for positive x and δ. Thus for any fixed δ, the maximum value of
√
x + δ −
√
x is bounded by
√
δ.
Therefore on the interval (0, 1), a sufficient condition for ... −2)
−1/3
The first derivative exists and is nonzero for x = 2. At x = 2, the derivative does not exist and thus x = 2 is a
critical point. For x < 2, f
(x) < 0 and for...
... (0 .58 9 755 , 0, 0.34781).
The closest point is shown graphically in Figure 5. 10.
-1
-0 .5
0
0 .5
1
-1
-0 .5
0
0 .5
1
0
0 .5
1
1 .5
2
-1
-0 .5
0
0 .5
1
0
0 .5
1
1 .5
2
Figure 5. 10: Paraboloid, Tangent Plane and ... particle at time t, then the velocity and acceleration of the particle are
dr
dt
and
d
2
r
dt
2
,
154
Figure 5. 2: The gradient of the distance from the ori...
... This is zero if and only if u
0
= u
1
= u
2
= u
3
= 0. Thus there
217
-10
-5 5
10
- 15
-10
-5
5
Figure 6.23: (z) − (z) = 5
Solution 6.16
|
e
ıθ
−1| = 2
e
ıθ
−1
e
−ıθ
−1
= 4
1 −
e
ıθ
−
e
−ıθ
+1 ... real-variable
counterparts.
7.1 Curves and Regions
In this section we introduce curves and regions in the complex plane. This material is necessary for the study of
branch p...
... are an infinite set of rational numbers for which ı
z
has 1 as one of its values. For example,
ı
4 /5
= 1
1 /5
=
1,
e
ı2π /5
,
e
ı4π /5
,
e
ı6π /5
,
e
ı8π /5
7.8 Riemann Surfaces
Consider the mapping ... See
Figure 7.18 and Figure 7.19 for plots of the real and imaginary parts of the cosine and sine, respectively. Figure 7.20
shows the modulus of the cosine and the sine...
... Hints
Cartesian and Modulus-Argument Form
Hint 7.1
Hint 7.2
Trigonometric Functions
Hint 7.3
Recall that sin(z) =
1
ı2
(
e
ız
−
e
−ız
). Use Result 6.3.1 to convert between Cartesian and modulus-argument form.
Hint ... solutions.
Solution 7 .5
We write the expressions in terms of Cartesian coordinates.
e
z
2
=
e
(x+ıy)
2
=
e
x
2
−y
2
+ı2xy
=
e
x
2
−y
2...
... the real and imaginary parts.
u
r
=
1
r
v
θ
, v
r
= −
1
r
u
θ
u
r
=
1
r
v
θ
, u
θ
= −rv
r
Solution 8. 15
Since w is analytic, u and v satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations,
u
x
= v
y
and u
y
= ... =
1
r
∂
∂r
r
∂u
∂r
+
1
r
2
∂
2
u
∂θ
2
= 0.
Therefore u is harmonic and is the real part of some analytic function.
Example 9.3.9 Find an analytic function f(z) whose real part is
u(r...
... contour and do the integration.
z − z
0
=
e
ıθ
, θ ∈ [0 . . . 2π)
C
(z − z
0
)
n
dz =
2π
0
e
ınθ
ı
e
ıθ
dθ
=
e
ı(n+1)θ
n+1
2π
0
for n = −1
[ıθ]
2π
0
for n = −1
=
0 for n = −1
ı2π for ... have found a formula for writing the analytic function in terms
of its real part, u(r, θ). With the same method, we can find how to write an analytic function in terms of its ima...
... ,
converges for α > 1 and diverges for α ≤ 1.
Hint, Solution
56 4
Example 12.3.2 Convergence and Uniform Convergence. Consider the series
log(1 − z) = −
∞
n=1
z
n
n
.
This series converges for |z| ... large. Thus this series is not uniformly convergent in the domain
|z| ≤ 1, z = 1. The series is uniformly convergent for |z| ≤ r < 1.
54 5
12.2.2 Uniform Convergence and...