Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 6 pot

... all hinge points and the in ection linejoining all the in ection points (b) and (c). Cylindrical folds, as in (a) and (b), have a fold axis which is any line parallel to the hinge line ofconstant ... layers.Inflexion lineHinge lineHinge lineAxial surfaceAxial surfaces(a)(b)(c)Fig. 4.1 16 Geometric elements of a fold in a folded surface in 3D. (a) The hinge line is deﬁned joining all hinge ... plateboundary and a magmatic arc in both intra-oceanic and continental active margins. Thrust faulting results in crustal shortening and thickening (Fig. 4.100c, d). Thrust and fold belts are limited in...

Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 3 pot

... looking for (Fig. 3 .62 ). After simplifying (Equations 5–7; Fig. 3 .62 ), the results are␴xϭ ␴oxcos 65 Њ, and ␴zϭ ␴ozsin 65 Њ.From the sketches of Figs 3 .61 and 3 .62 , and the result-ing ... directions of ␴z and ␴x and the angle ␪ are depicted in Fig. 3 .68 b. Sincesin2␪ ϩ cos2␪ ϭ 1 we can substitute the values for cos ␪ and sin ␪ obtained earlier (Equations 16 and 17) which yields ... the stress ellipsoid, and the principal stressesThe whole family of tractions acting over a certain pointdeﬁne an ellipse in 2D and an ellipsoid in 3D. In 2D, thelongest and shortest tractions...

Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 1 pdf

... systems, 237 6. 1 Atmosphere, 237 6. 2 Atmosphere–ocean interface, 248 6. 3 Atmosphere–land interface, 254 6. 4 Deep ocean, 2 56 6.5 Shallow ocean, 263 6. 6 Ocean–land interface: coasts, 270 6. 7 Land surface, ... 10, 7; 6. 61 Chikita et al. Sedimentology, 43, 865 ; 6. 62 Wetzel, Limnology(Saunders, 1983); 6. 65 J. Bridge; 6. 67 J Best; 6. 68B N.D. Smith; 6. 69 I. Wilson,Geographical Journal, 137, 180; 6. 73 J. ... 197Further reading, 202Chapter 5 Inner Earth processes and systems, 2035.1 Melting, magmas, and volcanoes, 2035.2 Plate tectonics, 223Further reading, 2 36 Chapter 6 Outer Earth processes and systems,...

Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 2 ppt

... Making use of this expres-sion we can easily calculate the approximate rotationalinertia and angular momentum of Earth (ignoring itsinternal density layering) or of a spinning sand grain(Fig. ... is set up; in the ascent of moltenmagma that is losing pressure and exsolving gas in bubbles, and so on. The example of colliding solid bodiessuch as sand grains violently impacting on a desert ... cylinder and piston apparatus. Expanding gas exerts force, F ϭ pA, and does work W ϭ pAdx. Generally, dW ϭ pdV.piston Mass MassExpanding gasexerts pressure, p,on area, A, of piston ringand...

Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 4 pdf

... Interface-spreadingundercutting current jetAmbient liquid NA NA Degassing bubbles in Sinking plume Neutral Rising plumemagma or lava Bottom-spreading stability Spreading jet and undercutting wall jet4.2 ... certain 96 Chapter 3Fig. 3.97 Strain of different materials with time (stages T1 to T5)applying increasing levels of stress: (a) Elastic solids show discretestrain increments with increasing ... of a settling particle during viscous and turbulent ﬂow separation are known as von Karmanvortices. In multi-particle settling the ﬂuid streamlines ofindividual grains interact. Increased drag...

Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 5 pptx

... straight line flow representing to- and- fro motion. Steepening waves may break in very shal-low water or when intense wind shear flattens wave crests(Section 6. 6). In both cases air is entrained into ... knowledge, dealing with fracture or rockmechanics is very important in many applied fields, as in civil engineering, mining, and hazard controls (rock and soil stability in slopes, both natural and constructed). ... further intriguing complication is demonstrated by avibrated granular mass in a container of equal-sized grainscontaining one larger grain. The vibrations induce inter-granular collisions and...

Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 7 pps

... ions and also join to aluminum ions in linked rings. The linked groups are said to be in a state ofpolymerization and are a feature of silicate melts. It is thecontinuous, polymer-like, linkage ... reduction in viscosity and melting temperature. Also, water has a corrosive effect onSi–O bonds and has a key role in lowering rock meltingpoints (and thus a major role in determining the rheologyof ... shearmixing in Kelvin–Helmholz vortices (Section 4.9) and byupward linear expansion. Plume buoyancy is due to thermalenergy exchange between entrained hot particulates, exsolv-ing and expanding...

Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 8 doc

... turbulent mixing and therefore cooling due tomomentum and heat transport in the dynamic models. In addition to their obvious role in increasing windshear and forward momentum transport in associatedwaves, ... understandenergy changes in ascending or descending air masses.Such motions dominate heat exchange in the tropics and Outer Earth processes and systems 24190oS60oS30oS0o30oN60oN90oNHeight, ... 102kmNA 60 36 11 388 1 46 12SA 41 20 13 305 87 5PAC* 108 0 80 499 152 124ANT 59 15 17 3 56 208 0IND * 60 15 61 420 124 91AF 79 31 6 418 230 10EUR 69 51 7 421 90 0NAZ* 15 0 76 187 76 53COC*...

Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 9 ppt

... 0.02–2.0 m and heights from a few millimeters to1 m (Figs 6. 69 and 6. 70). Wavelength increases linearlywith increasing grain size and with ﬂow strength. Ripplemigration and growth from random irregularities ... ArcticOcean.270 Chapter 6 6 .6 Ocean–land interface: coastsCoasts are dynamic interfaces between land and sea whereenergy is continuously being transferred by the action oftraveling waves, including the tide. ... buoyantplume(hyperpycnal)rarereraUnderflowMixingMixingFig. 6. 55 Other kinds of coastal jets and plumes.LEED-Ch- 06. qxd 11/27/05 2:35 Page 277 6. 7.1 HydrologyThe hydrological cycle on land (Fig. 6. 56) involvesconsideration of:●Interception...

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