... and
Process, MIT, 3 19 39.
138 Bibliography
Norris, D. ( 199 4) Shortlist: a connectionist model of continuous speech
recognition. Cognition, 52, 1 89 234.
Ogden, R. ( 199 9) A declarative account of strong ... Speech
Communication, 11, 475 9.
Roca, I. and Johnson, G. ( 199 9) A Course in Phonology. Blackwell.
Rodgers, J. ( 199 9) Vowel devoicing in English. PhD thesis, University of...
... (Hardcastle and Barry, 198 5; Wright,
198 9: 358; Kerswill, 199 5: 197 ), my work in Am. and SSB. sug-
gests that there is an underlying binary pattern: contact suggests
the presence of a consonant while ... of
jobs’ [l∞tsvcu∞bz].
The ‘weak and strong forms’ of of are much more like the
‘a/an’ forms of the indefinite article in English, the main difference
being that it is not actual...
... 33, 36, 38,
40
Accents of English 19 20, 1 09
Welsh 112–13
Welsh, A. 91
Whalen, D. H. 10, 75
Whorf, B. L. 92
Wichmann, A. 16
word lists 87–8, 90
word perception, theories of
91 –4
word recognition ... 33
Sotillo, C. F. 3–4, 94
sound,
and meaning, united in the
mental lexicon 91 –3
type of, and place of occurrence
12
sound changes,
directionality of 115
prediction of...
... devoicing of high vowels between voiceless obstruents is
a well-known feature of Japanese but also occurs in Korean (Jun
and Beckman, 199 4), Turkish (Jannedy, 199 4) and Shanghai Chin-
ese (Zee, 199 0). ... speakers of English, students are unlikely to
have had significant contact with naturally reduced speech.
Brown ( 197 7, 199 6) uses this premise as a platform for her book
Listenin...
... (Sherman, 197 1 cited in
Warren, 199 9). Supporting evidence comes from reports of railroad
telegraphers (Bryan and Harter, 1 897 , 1 899 , reported in Warren,
199 9: 184) who usually delayed several ... percept of stress may be achieved by a
little bit of each of these, a moderate amount of any two of these,
or a lot of one. Massaro’s model allows for tradeoffs of this sort...
... University of
Cambridge, results of which appeared in a series of articles over
a decade (Nolan, 198 6; Barry, 198 4, 198 5, 199 1; Wright, 198 6;
Kerswill, 198 5; Kerswill and Wright, 198 9; Nolan and ... importance of non-binary output to phonological
theory (Nolan, 199 2, Holst and Nolan, 199 5a, 199 5b) and on
modelling assimilation (Nolan and Holst, 199 6) have also come
out of...
... prosodics
Several linguists (Kelly and Local, 198 9; Simpson, 199 2; Ogden,
199 9) advocate an approach which they describe as a develop-
ment from the theories of J. R. Firth ( 195 7). According to these re-
searchers, ... reading of nonce words and non-words which
presumably do not flourish in the lexicon as a result of lack of
stimulation.
In agreement (however accidental) with Sta...
... characteristics of speech and to minimize its articu-
latory difficulties ( 197 9: 9) .
For more explanation of Natural Phonology see Donegan and
Stampe ( 197 9) and Dressler ( 198 4).
3.5 Attempts in the 199 0s
3.5.1 ... has
been suggested (Paradis and Prunet, 198 9, 199 1; Lodge, 199 2)
that (1) can be traced to the fact that syllable-final coronals are not
fully specified for place of...
... chapter
3) that because English alveolars are so volatile, they are the
unmarked underlying stop (Paradis and Prunet, 198 9, 199 1; Lodge,
199 2; Lahiri and Marslen-Wilson, 199 1).
Membership in a syllable- ... World Englishes and (2) Wells’ Accents of English ( 198 2) runs to
three volumes. There are hundreds of varieties which can legitimately
20 Processes in Conversational Englis...
... an
embarrassing display of hubris) to attempt a recapitulation of what
is known.
The following books (or others of a similar nature) should be
assimilated before reading Sound Patterns of Spoken English:
Clark, ... Variation in English,
Georgetown University Press, 197 3.
Brown, G., Listening to Spoken English, Longman, 197 7, 199 6.
Hooper, J., Natural Generative Phonolo...