10 Free Entertainment Activities for Seniors

... ALL of the 101 activities in this book can be used by groups and are presented for use by groups.5 Creativity and Problem Solving 01 VG 3-10b 10/6/04 5:30 PM Page 5Chapter 3Linking Problems, ... understand the basic ground rule of deferring judgment. Try to create afun environment. Encourage playfulness and humor. Research shows that groups8 101 Activities for Teaching Creativity and Problem ... responses. For these problems, you must devise custom-maderesponses that require more time and effort. This book provides activities to help withproblems that aren’t well-structured. Problem Solving If...

... cents.4.Choose a storekeeper.5.Set up shop. Choose some items and price them by writing an amount on a piece of tape and sticking it to a toy or stuffed animal. Choose a place for a community ... sock for eyes. You can use one for the nose. Use a piece of yarn for the mouth. Give your sock a mustache.3.Let dry.4.Name your new friend.Variation: If you can sew, sew buttons on for the ... wall for a house - glue them together on the sides. Use five to ten Popsicle sticks for each wall. The front of the house will use two panels of two to seven Popsicle's to leave room for...

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... eat apples. etc.5. Transformation Exercises. The teacher gives a sentence to students along in a brief instruction which forces the students to communicate with other form.Example: Teacher: ... After the students havepracticed and understood the dialogue, they can practice again, usinginformation of their own.8. Dialogue creation. Students can be, given the beginning lines in adialogue...

... better.What Influences Our Choice of Top- down Activities? The choice of the activities will depend on a number of factors, such as: Listening Activities for Effective Top- down ProcessingJi LingzhuIntroductionOnce ... the coming topic. This is very good for narrative or descriptive passages.Why Are These Activities Important?Listeners do make use of background knowledge for comprehension. Therefore it seems ... ready for these kind of materials. They are forced to listen to the unknown, the remote and the bizarre, so that they cannot use the top- down processing strategies very effectively.Therefore...

... are the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and Ireland. In fact, as the statistics show, information about the United Kingdom and the United States ... four approaches to the teaching of culture, two of which – the intercultural approach and the multicultural approach - include a considerable element of comparison and may be characterized as a ... school.3.3. Examples of supplementary activities for developing Grade 10 students’ cross- cultural awareness in VietnamAs teaching culture is not the main purpose of teaching English in Vietnamese high...

... Assemble Your Toolkit 28➟ Get Grounded 30➟ Open the Computer s Case 32➟ Find Out What Makes Your Computer Think 36➟ See Where Your Computer Stores Your Stuff 38➟ Tour the Computer s ... A Computer Is Not a Toaster Protect Your PC: Surge Protectors and UPS Devices ➟ Surge protector: If a jolt of high voltage gets into your computer s motherboard (see Chapter 2), your computer ... best sound from your computer, you should use speakers that have their own amplifier. ➟ Microphone: A computer s microphone (usually built in) allows you to chime in with your own nar-ration...

... ) and can boot several operating systems (Linux, uClinux, and others)Softgun: http://softgun.sourceforge.netVirtual ARM system with many virtual on­board peripherals. Boots Linux.SWARM ­ Software ARM ­ arm7 emulatorhttp://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mwd24/phd/swarm.htmlCan run uClinux13 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008klibchttp://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/klibc/“Kernel C library”Tiny and minimalistic C library designed for use in an initramfs at boot time (alternative to initrds).Fine for the creation of simple shell scripts.Ships with small executables for use in shells, built with klibc,and a klcc compiler to compile your own applications.Not elaborate enough to support BusyBox applications.Useful details in  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klibc19 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Platform specific toolchains (1)ARMCode Sourcery (supports GNU/Linux, EABI and uClinux):http://www.codesourcery.com/gnu_toolchains/arm/Also available for Windows workstations.MIPShttp://www.linux­mips.org/wiki/Toolchains (useful links)6 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Training contents (3)AnnexesAutomatic system generation with BitBake / OpenEmbedded33 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Other emulatorsColdFire emulatorhttp://www.slicer.ca/coldfire/Can boot uClinux37 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Minicom (1)Definition: serial communication programAvailable in all GNU / Linux distributionsCapabilities (all through a serial link):Serial console to a remote Unix systemFile transferModem control and dial­upSerial port configuration50 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Denx Software Engineeringhttp://denx.deCreated by Wolfgang Denk,the author of the U­Boot bootloader.Create and support the Embedded Linux Development Kit (ELDK),a complete and well documented development environment.This kit is not only Free Software,it can be downloaded freely by anyone.A great community member and contributor!15 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008 Free Software tools for embedded systems GNU / Linux workstationCross­compiling toolchains9 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008uClibchttp://www.uclibc.org/ from CodePoet ConsultingLicense: LGPLLightweight C library for small embedded systems, with most features though.The whole Debian Woody was ported to it ... Support servicesUseful if you don't have your own support resourcesLong term support commitment, even for versions considered as obsolete by the community, but not by your users!44 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Commercial toolsetsCaution: commercial doesn't mean proprietary!Vendors play fair with the GPL and do make their source code available to their users, and most of the time, to the community.As long as they distribute the sources to their users, the GPL doesn't require vendors to share their sources with any third party.No issue with all the GPL sources developed by or with the community.Graphical toolkits developed by the vendors look proprietary. Their licenses are not advertised on their websites! You have to be a customer to know or get a free preview kit to know.35 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008 Free Software tools for embedded systems GNU / Linux workstationVarious tools34 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Emulators ­ SummarySystem emulatorsUseful to experiment with a full system, including the kernelqemu: x86, x86_64, arm, sparc, ppc, mipsSkyEye: several arm architecturesUser emulatorsUseful to run or debug user space binaries for other CPUsqemu: x86, arm, sparc, ppc, mips20 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Platform specific toolchains (2)ColdfireCode Sourcery (supports ELF, GNU/Linux and uClinux):http://www.codesourcery.com/gnu_toolchains/coldfirePowerPCCode Sourcery (supports GNU/Linux and EABI)http://www.codesourcery.com/gnu_toolchains/power.html49 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Sysgo ­ Koan Softwarehttp://sysgo.comELinOS development toolset,in particular based on Eclipseand the Linux Trace Toolkit.Includes FreeToolBox, a freely downloadable compiling and rootfs creating toolchain.Supports i386, arm and ppc.Hard real­time support with their own microkernel (PikeOS),an approach similar to RTAI.http://koansoftware.comMakers of KaeilOS(http://koansoftware.com/kaeilos/), a GPL embedded Linux distribution for industrial applications.KaeilOS supports i386 and popular arm platforms. Other platforms supported upon request.Includes several graphical toolkits and supports hard real­time (RTAI, Xenomai, preemption patches).Unfortunately, KaeilOS is GPL but not available for public download.16 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Standalone toolchain buildBuilding a cross­compiling toolchain by yourself is a difficult and painful task! Can take days or weeks!Lots of details to learn. Several components to build(building gcc twice: once for gcc + once for compilers that need the C library).Lots of decisions to make(such as C library version and configuration for your platform)Need kernel headers and C library sourcesNeed to be familiar with current gcc issues and patches on your platformUseful to be familiar with building and configuring toolshttp://www.aleph1.co.uk/armlinux/docs/toolchain/toolchHOWTO.pdfcan show you how fun it can be!21 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Toolchain building utilitiesBuildroot: http://buildroot.uclibc.org/Dedicated Makefile to build uClibc based toolchainsand even entire root filesystems.Downloads sources and applies patches.Crosstool:  http://www.kegel.com/crosstool/Dedicated script to build glibc based toolchainsDoesn’t support uClibc yet.Downloads sources and applies patches.26 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Toolchains ­ useful resourceseLinux.org toolchain page:http://elinux.org/Tool_Chains29 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008 Free Software tools for embedded systems GNU / Linux workstationEmulators8 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008glibchttp://www.gnu.org/software/libc/License: LGPLC library from the GNU projectDesigned for performance, standards compliance and portabilityFound on all GNU / Linux host systemsQuite big for small embedded systems: about 1.7 MB on Familiar Linux iPAQs (libc: 1.2 MB, libm: 500 KB)36 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008chrootAvailable in all GNU/Linux distributionsUsage:chroot <dir> [command]Runs a command or an interactive shellwith a special root directory.Standard usage: Internet serversServices executed in chroot jails: even when compromised,the service cannot gain access to the rest of the system.Usage for embedded system development:Develop and test a new root filesystem on the development host.Very easy to use when the host and target have the same CPU instruction set.Used by LFS (Linux From Scratch).Also used by Scratchbox: Qemu makes the usage of target binaries transparent./binlibetchttp/libetcbinchrootjail ... Support servicesUseful if you don't have your own support resourcesLong term support commitment, even for versions considered as obsolete by the community, but not by your users!44 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Commercial toolsetsCaution: commercial doesn't mean proprietary!Vendors play fair with the GPL and do make their source code available to their users, and most of the time, to the community.As long as they distribute the sources to their users, the GPL doesn't require vendors to share their sources with any third party.No issue with all the GPL sources developed by or with the community.Graphical toolkits developed by the vendors look proprietary. Their licenses are not advertised on their websites! You have to be a customer to know or get a free preview kit to know.35 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008 Free Software tools for embedded systems GNU / Linux workstationVarious tools34 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Emulators ­ SummarySystem emulatorsUseful to experiment with a full system, including the kernelqemu: x86, x86_64, arm, sparc, ppc, mipsSkyEye: several arm architecturesUser emulatorsUseful to run or debug user space binaries for other CPUsqemu: x86, arm, sparc, ppc, mips20 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Platform specific toolchains (2)ColdfireCode Sourcery (supports ELF, GNU/Linux and uClinux):http://www.codesourcery.com/gnu_toolchains/coldfirePowerPCCode Sourcery (supports GNU/Linux and EABI)http://www.codesourcery.com/gnu_toolchains/power.html49 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Sysgo ­ Koan Softwarehttp://sysgo.comELinOS development toolset,in particular based on Eclipseand the Linux Trace Toolkit.Includes FreeToolBox, a freely downloadable compiling and rootfs creating toolchain.Supports i386, arm and ppc.Hard real­time support with their own microkernel (PikeOS),an approach similar to RTAI.http://koansoftware.comMakers of KaeilOS(http://koansoftware.com/kaeilos/), a GPL embedded Linux distribution for industrial applications.KaeilOS supports i386 and popular arm platforms. Other platforms supported upon request.Includes several graphical toolkits and supports hard real­time (RTAI, Xenomai, preemption patches).Unfortunately, KaeilOS is GPL but not available for public download.16 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Standalone toolchain buildBuilding a cross­compiling toolchain by yourself is a difficult and painful task! Can take days or weeks!Lots of details to learn. Several components to build(building gcc twice: once for gcc + once for compilers that need the C library).Lots of decisions to make(such as C library version and configuration for your platform)Need kernel headers and C library sourcesNeed to be familiar with current gcc issues and patches on your platformUseful to be familiar with building and configuring toolshttp://www.aleph1.co.uk/armlinux/docs/toolchain/toolchHOWTO.pdfcan show you how fun it can be!21 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Toolchain building utilitiesBuildroot: http://buildroot.uclibc.org/Dedicated Makefile to build uClibc based toolchainsand even entire root filesystems.Downloads sources and applies patches.Crosstool:  http://www.kegel.com/crosstool/Dedicated script to build glibc based toolchainsDoesn’t support uClibc yet.Downloads sources and applies patches.26 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Toolchains ­ useful resourceseLinux.org toolchain page:http://elinux.org/Tool_Chains29 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008 Free Software tools for embedded systems GNU / Linux workstationEmulators8 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008glibchttp://www.gnu.org/software/libc/License: LGPLC library from the GNU projectDesigned for performance, standards compliance and portabilityFound on all GNU / Linux host systemsQuite big for small embedded systems: about 1.7 MB on Familiar Linux iPAQs (libc: 1.2 MB, libm: 500 KB)36 Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008chrootAvailable in all GNU/Linux distributionsUsage:chroot <dir> [command]Runs a command or an interactive shellwith a special root directory.Standard usage: Internet serversServices executed in chroot jails: even when compromised,the service cannot gain access to the rest of the system.Usage for embedded system development:Develop and test a new root filesystem on the development host.Very easy to use when the host and target have the same CPU instruction set.Used by LFS (Linux From Scratch).Also used by Scratchbox: Qemu makes the usage of target binaries transparent./binlibetchttp/libetcbinchrootjail...

... the program to scan your computer for viruses. Run the program any time things suddenly go strange on your computer — if files are missing or renamed, for example, or if your Internet home ... logs on to your computer. Figure 7-4 7. When your helper accepts the invitation, a dialog box pops up on your screen, asking for permission to give this person access to your computer. Click ... up on your screen, asking for permission to give this person access to your computer. Click Yes to start the Remote Assistance session. 7. The expert will ask to take control of your computer...

... the computer, or a computer virus (see Chapter 6). For directions on repairing Windows, see Chapter 14. 4. Reinstall Windows, which essentially refreshes all your system files and leaves your ... www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.➟158Part III: Fixing Sick Hardware For purposes of this chapter, I’m going to assume that before your computer stopped working, it was running properly.Diagnose ... Keep in mind the proper thermal fit for your machine. If you replace a 500-watt power supply with a 750-watt unit, for example, you need to know whether your computer is capable of exhausting...

...

... 2.2. Types of communicative activities for students to practise grammatical structures orally at free practice stage 282.2.1. Information exchanges 282.2.1.1. Information gap activity ... structures orally at free practice stage in secondary school 463.2. Some suggested communicative activities to motivate 10th students to practise grammatical structures orally at free practice stage ... 25Chapter III: application3.1. The state of using communicative activities for students to practice grammatical structures orally at free practice stage in secondary school According to the results...

... holds the 43%30%22%28MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAININGVINH UNIVERSITYVO THI THUY LINH SOME SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING THE WRITING SECTIONS IN THE TEXTBOOK ENGLISH 10 ... 92.1. Teaching Writing 92.1.1. Writing and the Roles of Writing 92.1.2. Approaches to Teaching Writing 112.1.3. The Stages of Teaching Writing 152.1.4. Principles for Teaching Writing 162.1.5. ... - to find out the challenges that teachers and 10 th form students face with in teaching and learning writing skill- to investigate how the writing sections in the textbook English 10 have...

...