... as
wings held roof-like over the abdomen, fore wings
either membranous or in the form of tegmina of uni-
form texture, and with the rostrum arising ventrally
close to the anterior of the thorax, ...
origin to the rest of the Hexapoda (see Box 7. 1). If
Collembola do belong to the Hexapoda, then they form
either the sister group to Protura comprising the clade
Ell...
... hundreds
of kilometers from shore in the Pacific Ocean. The dis-
tribution of these insects coincides with mid-oceanic
accumulations of flotsam, where food of terrestrial
origin supplements a diet of ... proponents of the pre-
ferred exite–endite theory speculate that the progenitor
of the pterygotes had aquatic immature stages. Support
for the latter hypothesis app...
... numbers of
insects is the role of sexual selection in the diversifica-
tion of many insects. The propensity of insects to
become isolated in small populations (because of the
fine scale of their ... classification
and their roles in our economic and wider lives. First,
we outline the field of entomology and the role of ento-
mologists, and then introduce the...
... Curculionidae, the
ventral surface of some tarsomeres is clothed with
adhesive setae that facilitate climbing. The left side of
the vignette for this chapter shows the underside of the
tarsus of the leaf ... defensive and other com-
pounds are products of the epidermis, which is a near-
continuous, single-celled layer beneath the cuticle.
Many of these compounds...
... ringed
hose of a vacuum cleaner). The cuticular linings of the
tracheae are shed with the rest of the exoskeleton when
the insect molts. Usually even the linings of the finest
branches of the tracheal ... by the plant. By comparison,
a macerate-and-flush strategy is typical of Heteroptera,
such as mirids and coreids. These insects disrupt the tis-
sues of pla...
... across. The field of
view of each ommatidium differs from that of its neigh-
bors and together the array of all ommatidia provides
the insect with a panoramic image of the world. Thus,
the actual ... insensitive to the wing tone
of males of their species. Neither can the male detect the
wing tone of immature females – the Johnson’s organ
in his antenna respond...
... transfer of sperm via the insertion of part of the
male’s aedeagus (edeagus), the penis, into the repro-
ductive tract of the female. In males of many species the
extrusion of the aedeagus during ... oviposition in insects.
5.1 BRINGING THE SEXES TOGETHER
Insects often are at their most conspicuous when syn-
chronizing the time and place for mating. The flas...
... further discus-
sion of the actions of eclosion hormone). Apolysis at
the end of the fifth larval instar marks the beginning of
a prepupal period when the developing pupa is pharate
within the ... affects the eggs of the
next generation.
The ability of insects to recognize seasonal photo-
period and other environmental cues requires some
means of measuring tim...
... complex circulation of air through
the passageways of the nest, as illustrated for the
above-ground nest of the African Macrotermes natalen-
sis in Fig. 12.10.
The origin of the mutualistic relationship ... farming by leaf-cutter ants
The subterranean ant nests of the genus Atta (15 spe-
cies) and the rather smaller colonies of Acromyrmex
(24 species) are amongst...
... Interpreting the early evolution
of the angiosperms is contentious, partly because of
the paucity of fossilized flowers prior to the period of
radiation, and also because of the apparent rapidity
of the ... native
range. The host-specificity of potential control agents
must be tested, either inside or outside the country of
introduction and, in the former case,...