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From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 3 potx

From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 3 potx

From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 3 potx

... resource.••••Toxicity 3 –2.711 .3 3 .3 5 .3 2(a)–0.7Toxicity 3 3 15792Specialism(b) 3 1–1Figure 3. 25 Combining data from a wide range of publishedstudies, herbivores were split into three ... date(a)420400 38 0 36 0 34 0 32 0 30 0Jun 14 Aug 3 Time of day0400255455405 35 5 30 520001200Jul 4CO2 concentrations (µl l–1)0400255(b)455405 35 5 30 520001200Nov 21Figure 3. 11 (a) CO2 ... metabolism (CAM).We consider these in more detail inSections 3. 3.1 3. 3 .3. Here, we simply note that plants with ‘nor-mal’ (i.e. C 3 ) photosynthesis are wasteful of water comparedwith plants that...
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From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 9 potx

From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 9 potx

... oftotal diet15Jul0.20.80.60.40.20.80.60.4Small Medium Large 31 15 31 15 30 Aug Sep(b)1000.20.80.60.48060402015Jul 31 15 31 15 30 Aug Sep1008060402015Jul 31 15 31 ... whole.•• 30 min 30 min 30 min 30 min01.00.5Proportion of larvae(a)12Fed (n = 38 )Widespread movement01.00.512Unfed (n = 42)01.00.512Net-building01.00.512Time (h)042 3 10 ... hosts(a)7000600050004000 30 00100048 h 3 hProgeny produced (no. min–1)10075250.00000.0 03 50Initial percentage of parasitized hosts(b)0.0020.00148 h 3 hGiving-up density (g)100.52.5 3. 5 3. 01.01.52.02...
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From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 13 potx

From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 13 potx

... (After Bshary, 20 03. )EIPC 13 10/24/05 2:06 PM Page 38 2•• 39 8 CHAPTER 13 13. 8.1 EctomycorrhizasAn estimated 5000–6000 species of Basidiomycete and Ascomycetefungi form ectomycorrhizas (ECMs) ... yuccamothsEIPC 13 10/24/05 2:06 PM Page 39 0 39 6 CHAPTER 13 to be human disturbances with which bleaching effects can inter-act – but it is also apparent that reef corals are able to acclimate to the ... linkmarine planktonHydra and Chlorellableaching and globalwarmingEIPC 13 10/24/05 2:06 PM Page 39 5 38 6 CHAPTER 13 animal that can eat such fungi gains indirect access to an energy-rich food....
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From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 1 pptx

From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 1 pptx

... 1N6295687054 53 43 5585867699819177848975596061677469 83 82979094815052495148 37 35 36 38 39 4744466658818098punaluagroup(58–65)glabriapexgroup (34 –57)grimshawi group(66–101)planitidia group(17 33 )404142222125242627 23 18191720 34 32 16 13 15146451adiastola group (3 16)2 3 NiihauKauaiOahuLanaiMolokaiMauiKahoolaweHawaii 63 64657172 73 7879878892 93 96100101575645 33 31 30 29281089712110 ... 10/24/05 1:42 PM Page 1••••14 CHAPTER 1N6295687054 53 43 5585867699819177848975596061677469 83 82979094815052495148 37 35 36 38 39 4744466658818098punaluagroup(58–65)glabriapexgroup (34 –57)grimshawi ... group (3 16)2 3 NiihauKauaiOahuLanaiMolokaiMauiKahoolaweHawaii 63 64657172 73 7879878892 93 96100101575645 33 31 30 29281089712110 50 kmFigure 1.10 An evolutionary tree linkingthe picture-winged Drosophila of Hawaii,traced...
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From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 2 pps

From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 2 pps

... exposure to the air and the nature of the substrate.••••Standard metabolic expenditure (J day–1) 33 32 31 30 292827262524 23 222120191817Salinity (ppt)01 2 3 4 5 6 7 35 3025201510Overall ... al., 2002.)rare toleratorsacid rainEIPC02 10/24/05 1:44 PM Page 51 32 CHAPTER 22 .3 Responses of individuals to temperature2 .3. 1 What do we mean by ‘extreme’?It seems natural to describe certain ... sampled from diverse localities in northern USA and Canada, and were tested for freezing tolerance and ability to acclimate to cold. Individuals from the most freeze-tolerant population (from...
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From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 4 ppt

From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 4 ppt

... to survival from one age class to the next. Here, by contrast, an individual••••life cycle graphs(b)1p12p2 3 p 3 4p4g1g2m 3 g 3 m4p100m4g1p2m 3 00g2p 3 000g 3 p4(a)1p12p2 3 p 3 4p4g1m2g2g 3 p1m2m 3 m4g1p2000g2p 3 000g 3 p4m 3 m4Table ... sometimes to pupae, and then to adults; plants pass from seeds to seedlings to photosynthesizing adults; and so on. The different stages arelikely to be influenced by different factors and to have ... HISTORIES 131 habitat in seeking to understand life histories. Phylogeny sets limits to an organism’s life history and to its habitat. But the essentially ecological task of relating life histories...
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From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 5 pps

From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 5 pps

... m210–210–1110210 3 10410510–210–110210 3 104105106107 31 30 29272825262024 23 2221191817161514 13 1211109Time78654 3 21Figure 5 .32 Self-thinning in a wide ... therefore trajectories that follow a cohort through time. This is indicated by arrows, pointing from many small, young individuals (bottom right) to fewer, larger, older individuals (top left).Mean ... between 19 43 and1952, it is quite clear that the most important factor determiningwhich individuals survived to 1956 was whether or not theywere established in 19 43. Of the 30 individuals...
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From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 6 pot

From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 6 pot

... followed prior to, duringand after a period of severe defoliation. The clones, which varied in extent from 60 to 35 0 m2and from 700 to 20,000 rhizomes, failed to produce any above-ground growth ... attracting individuals to disperse towards one another andforces provoking individuals to disperse away from one another.As we shall see in a later chapter, such compromises are con-ventionally crystallized ... pollen taken close to (1 m) orfar from (30 m) the receptor plant. Bars show standard errors. (After Waser & Price, 1994.)EIPC06 10/24/05 1:55 PM Page 1 73 170 CHAPTER 6Long-distance migration...
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From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 7 docx

From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 7 docx

... reservesFrequency 31 35 15–187–1002–61020 30 11–14Slope (°)(a)5152527 30 23 2619–22Frequency 33 36– 34 83 2744–28912448–259502299–24472040602596–27 43 Elevation (m)(b)10 30 50 31 88– 33 35 30 40– 31 872892– 30 39Frequency2401–26001201–1400401–60000–2004080100801–1000Nearness ... which grows from 1900 to 30 00 m. But as colder weathersets in, they travel to lower elevations and from October to Maythey feed primarily on Bashania fargesii, which grows from 1000 to 2100 m. ... dixanthocentron 9, 934 7,126 5,177 3, 162Mammillaria polyedra 10,118 5,512 3, 4 73 2,611Mammillaria sphacelata 3, 956 5,440 2,8 03 2,580Neobuxbaumia macrocephala 2,846 4,9 43 3 ,37 8 1,964Neobuxbaumia...
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From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 8 pdf

From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 8 pdf

... MindanaoC. caucasusC. atlas(a)Mean length (mm)12 3 4560.0 0.0 1.5 4.1 4 .3 10.7 26 .3 40 .3 84.1 93. 1 97.50.0 0.2 2.1 4 .3 9 .3 24.2 27.5 45.0 92.2 93. 3H. ulvaeH. ventrosaPercentage H. ventrosaBody ... index100.00.41.00.2 30 50 10 30 50 10 30 501995 1996 1997Radius (mm)0.60.81.21.41.6(a)Aggregation index100.01.02.00.51.52.5 30 5010 30 50 10 30 501995 1996 1997AiraRadius (mm)10 30 50 10 30 ... performance was due to improved access to pre-ferred nest sites and consequent decreased losses of nestlings to predators. In the case of virginia’s warblers, but not orange-crowned warblers,...
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