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Chapter 012 Pain: Pathophysiology and Management (Part 8) pptx

Chapter 012. Pain: Pathophysiology and Management (Part 8) pptx

Chapter 012. Pain: Pathophysiology and Management (Part 8) pptx

... headachea Rheumatoid arthritisa,b Chronic low back painb Cancer Chapter 012. Pain: Pathophysiology and Management (Part 8) Antidepressant Medications The tricyclic antidepressants [amitriptyline, ... degree of tolerance and physical dependence are likely with long-term use. Therefore, before embarking on opioid therapy, other options should be explored, and the limitations and risks of opioids ... effects of tricyclics. Anticonvulsants and Antiarrhythmics These drugs are useful primarily for patients with neuropathic pain. Phenytoin (Dilantin) and carbamazepine (Tegretol) were first...
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Chapter 012. Pain: Pathophysiology and Management (Part 6) pptx

Chapter 012. Pain: Pathophysiology and Management (Part 6) pptx

... platelet-mediated blood clotting and are thus associated with increased Chapter 012. Pain: Pathophysiology and Management (Part 6) aAntidepressants, anticonvulsants, and antiarrhythmics have not ... of compounds in the management of acute severe pain. Ketorolac is sufficiently potent and rapid in onset to supplant opioids for many patients with acute severe headache and musculoskeletal ... effect of aspirin and NSAIDs and is the problem that most frequently limits the dose that can be given. Gastric irritation is most severe with aspirin, which may cause erosion and ulceration...
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Chapter 012. Pain: Pathophysiology and Management (Part 1) pptx

Chapter 012. Pain: Pathophysiology and Management (Part 1) pptx

... tissue damage, the quality, time course, and location of a patient's pain complaint and the location of tenderness provide important diagnostic clues and are used to evaluate the response ... properties illustrate the duality of pain: it is both sensation and emotion. When acute, pain is characteristically associated with behavioral arousal and a stress response consisting of increased ... small-diameter myelinated A-delta (Aδ) and the unmyelinated (C fiber) axons (Fig. 12-1). These fibers are present in nerves to the skin and to deep somatic and visceral structures. Some tissues,...
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Chapter 012. Pain: Pathophysiology and Management (Part 2) pot

Chapter 012. Pain: Pathophysiology and Management (Part 2) pot

... messengers of threats to tissue injury but also play an active role in Chapter 012. Pain: Pathophysiology and Management (Part 2) Sensitization When intense, repeated, or prolonged stimuli ... nociceptors is lowered and the frequency of firing is higher for all stimulus intensities. Inflammatory mediators such as bradykinin, nerve growth factor, some prostaglandins, and leukotrienes contribute ... nociceptors, and their characteristic properties may explain how under pathologic conditions the relatively insensitive deep structures can become the source of severe and debilitating pain and tenderness....
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Chapter 012. Pain: Pathophysiology and Management (Part 4) pot

Chapter 012. Pain: Pathophysiology and Management (Part 4) pot

... this pain-modulating circuit contain endogenous opioid Chapter 012. Pain: Pathophysiology and Management (Part 4) Pain transmission and modulatory pathways. A. Transmission system for nociceptive ... significant analgesic effect (placebo). On the other hand, many patients find even minor injuries (such as venipuncture) frightening and unbearable, and the expectation of pain has been demonstrated ... are often severe and are notoriously intractable to standard treatments for pain. Neuropathic pains typically have an unusual burning, tingling, or electric shock–like quality and may be triggered...
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Chapter 012. Pain: Pathophysiology and Management (Part 9) docx

Chapter 012. Pain: Pathophysiology and Management (Part 9) docx

... selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Meta-analysis of randomized trials. BMJ 332:1302, 2006 [PMID: ... Macintyre PE: Safety and efficacy of patient-controlled analgesia. Br J Anaesth 87:36, 2001 [PMID: 11460812] Wager TD et al: Placebo-induced changes in FMRI in the anticipation and experience of ... Baron R et al: Causalgia and reflex sympathetic dystrophy: Does the sympathetic nervous system contribute to the generation of pain? Muscle Nerve Wallace MS: Diagnosis and treatment of neuropathic...
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Chapter 012. Pain: Pathophysiology and Management (Part 5) pps

Chapter 012. Pain: Pathophysiology and Management (Part 5) pps

... 600–1200 q 8 h Oxcarbazine 300 bid Pregabalin 150–600 bid Chapter 012. Pain: Pathophysiology and Management (Part 5) Sympathetically Maintained Pain Patients with peripheral ... soft tissue trauma, myocardial infarction, and stroke (Chap. 370). Although the pathophysiology of this condition is poorly understood, the pain and the signs of inflammation are rapidly relieved ... hyperactivity should be sought in patients with posttraumatic pain and inflammation and no other obvious explanation. Acute Pain: Treatment The ideal treatment for any pain is to remove the...
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Chapter 039. Nausea, Vomiting, and Indigestion (Part 8) pptx

Chapter 039. Nausea, Vomiting, and Indigestion (Part 8) pptx

... pylori treatment or for those who are negative for the Chapter 039. Nausea, Vomiting, and Indigestion (Part 8) Table 39-3 Alarm Symptoms in GERD Odynophagia Unexplained weight loss Recurrent ... with upright symptoms. Sucralfate is a salt of aluminum hydroxide and sucrose octasulfate that buffers acid and binds pepsin and bile salts. Its efficacy in GERD is felt to be comparable to that ... >55 years old or have alarm factors because of the elevated risks of malignancy and ulcer in these groups. The management approach to patients <55 years old without alarm factors is dependent...
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Energy Technology and Management Part 8 pot

Energy Technology and Management Part 8 pot

... energy management user-centric, i.e. adaptable to the varying user behavior. No energy should ever be spent uselessly. In this chapter we present a new approach to LCD display and TV set energy management, ... requires pushing the ON button. Energy Technology and Management 144 DADDA Fig. 4. An illustration of the eye detection heuristics (left) and the search area reduction The eye localization ... drop lowers backlight luminance and so shrinks the power consumption of the display. Any on-screen A Camera-Based Energy Management of Computer Displays and TV Sets 145 High-voltageinverterBacklight...
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Waste Water Evaluation and Management Part 8 docx

Waste Water Evaluation and Management Part 8 docx

... Waste Water - Evaluation and Management 222 We have also undertaken chemical and biological measurements in streams, lakes and wetlands over the years. Elemental composition ... algae, macrophytes and macroinvertebrates have also been recorded in streams and wetlands. Cover, biomass and productivity measurements of phytoplankton, submerged-, emergent- and pleustonic vegetation ... ecosystems, including rivers and wetlands and waste water treatment facilities as well, we will also report unpublished data. Chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents...
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