Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 11 ppsx
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 86 pdf
...
signal formats, 24 0-2 42
DC balance and, 241
non-return-to-zero (NRZ), 24 0-2 42
return-to-zero (RZ), 24 0-2 42
See also
on-off keying (OOK) modulation
signaling interface, 503
signal-spontaneous ...
user-to-network interface (UNI), 382, 385,
523
valence band, 161
variable optical attenuator (VOA), 213
Vernier effect, 231
vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers
(VCSELs...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 1 ppsx
... The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Networking
Series Editor, David Clark, MIT
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective, 2e
Rajiv Ramaswami and Kumar N. Sivarajan
Telecommunications Law in the ... Technology and Applications
Bruce Davie and Yakov Rekhter
High-Performance Communication Networks, 2e
Jean Walrand and Pravin Varaiya
Computer Networks: A Systems Approach, 2e
Larry...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 2 doc
... 12
1.3 .2 Second-Generation Optical Networks 14
1.4 The Optical Layer 16
1.5 Transparency and All -Optical Networks 24
1.6 Optical Packet Switching 26
1.7 Transmission Basics 28
1.7.1 Wavelengths, ...
2 Propagation of Signals in Optical Fiber 49
2. 1 Light Propagation in Optical Fiber 50
2. 1.1 Geometrical Optics Approach 50
2. 1 .2 Wave Theory Approach 55
2. 2 Lo...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 3 pptx
... Functions of ATM 38 2
6.2.2 Adaptation Layers 38 5
6.2 .3 Quality of Service 38 6
6.2.4 Flow Control 38 7
6.2.5 Signaling and Routing 38 7
6 .3 IP 38 8
6 .3. 1 Routing and Forwarding 39 0
6 .3. 2 Quality ... Service 39 2
6 .3. 3 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) 39 2
6 .3. 4 Whither ATM? 39 4
6.4 Storage-Area Networks 39 5
6.4.1 ESCON 39 6
6.4.2 Fibre Channel 39...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 5 potx
... (virtual circuits) and is capable of providing a variety of
quality-of-service guarantees. Packets in ATM are called
cells
and are of fixed
length (53 bytes). ATM is being used by many carriers ... layer. A virtual circuit
(VC) represents an end-to-end connection with a certain set of quality-of-service
parameters associated with it, such as bandwidth and error rate. Data transmit...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 6 pdf
... may accept data at any bit rate and any protocol
format within these limits. It may also be able to carry analog data.
Transparency in the network provides several advantages. An operator can ... islands of all -optical subnetworks
with optical- to-electrical-to -optical conversion at their boundaries for the purposes
of adaptation, regeneration, or wavelength conversion.
1 .6
Optic...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 7 pdf
... generation of systems. A
major advantage of EDFAs is that they are capable of amplifying signals at many
wavelengths simultaneously. This provided another way of increasing the system
capacity: ... of amplification (such as Raman amplification, a topic that we will cover in
Chapter 3) that complement EDFAs and hold the promise to open up other fiber
bands such as the S-band and the U...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 8 potx
... optical packet-switched networks and local-area
optical networks continues today. Meanwhile, wavelength-routing networks became
a major focus area for several researchers in the early 1990s as ... has focused on (1) transmitting
terabits-per-second aggregate traffic across transoceanic distances with individual
channel data rates at 10 or 20 Gb/s [Cai01, Bak01, VPM01], or 40 Gb/s chan...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 9 ppt
... the propagation constant is
knl,
and for a wave propagating only
in the cladding, the propagation constant is
kn2.
The fiber modes propagate partly
54
PROPAGATION OF SIGNALS IN OPTICAL FIBER ...
incident at an angle
00 < 0~ nax=
sin -i V/n12 - n22 (2.2)
no
at the air-core interface will undergo total internal reflection at the Core-cladding
interface and will thus prop...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 11 ppsx
... cross-sectional area. (a) A typical distribution of the signal inten-
sity along the radius of optical fiber. (b) A hypothetical intensity distribution, equivalent
to that in (a) for many purposes, ... a factor of C~ after it has propagated a distance equal to the dispersion length.
70
PROPAGATION OF SIGNALS IN OPTICAL FIBER
I
Figure
2.8 A (negatively) chirped Gaussian pu...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 19 ppsx
... reflections can convert the amplifier
into a laser, making it unusable as an amplifier.
A combination of several factors has made the EDFA the amplifier of choice in
today's optical communication ... multiplexers and
demultiplexers.
3.4
Optical Amplifiers
In an optical communication system, the optical signals from the transmitter are at-
tenuated by the optical fiber...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 26 ppsx
... devices, and a variety of technologies are avail-
able to build smaller-scale switches. All -optical wavelength converters are still in the
research laboratories, awaiting significant cost reductions ... commercial devices. High-speed APDs and pinFET receivers are both
available today.
Large-scale MEMS-based optical switches for use in wavelength crossconnects
are now emerging as co...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 27 ppsx
... S. Namiki and Y. Emori. Recent advances in ultra-wideband Raman amplifiers. In
OFC 2000 Technical Digest,
pages FF-1-FF-2, 2000.
[NE01] S. Namiki and Y. Emori. Ultra-broadband Raman amplifiers ... this case, compute the
best-case and worst-case loss seen by a channel that is dropped, a channel
that is added, and a channel that is passed through the device.
(c) Another way to reali...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 33 ppsx
... that all channels are received
with approximately the same signal-to-noise ratios at the receiver and fall within the
receiver's dynamic range. However, the amount of equalization that ...
The flatness of the EDFA passband becomes a critical issue in WDM systems with
cascaded amplifiers. The amplifier gain is not exactly the same at each wavelength.
Small variations in gain betwee...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 40 ppsx
... layers in backbone networks today are SONET/SDH, IP,
and ATM. SONET/SDH is particularly adept at dealing with lower-speed time divi-
sion multiplexed streams, whereas IP and ATM are adept at ... signal. The optical interface corresponding to the
STS-3 rate is called OC-3 (optical carrier-3), and similar optical interfaces have been
defined for OC-12, OC-48, OC-192, and OC-768 corresp...
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