The grammar of the english verb phrase part 6 potx
The grammar of the english verb phrase part 1 pdf
... Cappelle.p. cm. − (The grammar of the English verb phrase ; v. 1) (Topics in English linguistics ; 60 .1) Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN -13 : 978-3 -11 - 018 589-8 (hardcover : ... paper)ISBN -10 : 3 -11 - 018 589-X (hardcover : acid-free paper) 1. English language − Tense. 2. English language − Grammar. I. Reed, Susan, 19 59− II. Cappelle, Bert, 19 75− III. Title.PE13 01. D36 200642 51. 62−dc222006020424ISBN -13 : ... Table of contentsAcknowledgements VTable of contents VIIChapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Towards a theory of tense and time 91 Chapter 3. The absolute use of the present tense 17 1Chapter...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 2 doc
... verb forms 22 A. Tense 22 1.14 Introduction 22 1.15 The formation of the present tense 23 1.16 The formation of the past tense 23 1.17 The formation of the other tenses 24 1.18 The meanings of ... 25 1.19 Special uses of tenses 27 B. Aspect 28 1 .20 Introduction 28 1 .21 Perfective aspect 301 .22 Imperfective aspect 311 .23 Habitual aspect 331 .24 Repetitive vs semelfactive aspect 351 .25 ... misunderstandings. Part III (ϭ sections 1.14Ϫ1 .27 ) is a brief over-view of tense and two other areas of meaningthat can be expressed by the use of verb formsin English and that interact with tense: the sys-tem...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 3 docx
... speak of anoun phrase (NP) (e. g.all those beautiful houses built in the sixties). If the head is a verb, the phrase is a verb phrase (VP). In the following sentence the VP is in italics and the verb ... with the past tense and the present perfect. Chapters 13 and 14look at the semantics of the temporal adverbs when, before and after and the consequences of these semantics both for the adverbial ... whether a clause refers to the performance of an action, the happening of an event, the development of a process or the existence of astate, we can say that the clause in question refers to the actualization...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 6 potx
... Introductionpairing of a meaning and a particular form of the verb. In English the second of these two elements is lacking when ingressive meaning is expressed.1.22.3 The same is true where the expression of egressive’ ... describe the situation as characteristic of the referent of the subject NP over a certain period of time. English has a special form to expresshabituality in the past: the semi-auxiliary used to. The ... meaning, i. e. to focus on the middle of the situation or on some (punc-tual or durative) part of the middle of the situation. In English, progressive aspectdoes exist, since there is a progressive...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 19 potx
... is not the time of the full situa-tion: it is the time of the predicated situation, i. e. that part of the time of the full situation that coincides with the situation time of said. The claim ... So, even if the time of the full situation of Bill broodingdoes not completely coincide with the time of the full situation of John believ-ing, and the time of the full situation of John believing ... inter-pretation is the ‘containment relation’ between the time of the full situationand the situation time: the time of the full situationcontains the situationtime in terms of either inclusion...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 38 potx
... is conceived of as the time of the trip, the speaker can be said to be concernedwith the situational constitution of the pre-present zone.)In each of these three cases (a)Ϫ(c), the speaker ‘looks ... ‘measuring’256 5. The absolute use of the present perfectseparating two times. (In this case the times in question are the time of the accident, which is also the beginning of the conceptualized ... that(a) the situation time is conceived of as ‘up to now’, i. e. as including the terminal point of the pre-present (which is adjacent to t0), (b) the time of the full situation coincides with the...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 40 potx
... at the end of the pre-present may include t0is not expressed by the perfect, whichonly expresses that the situation time of the hypersituation is contained in270 5. The absolute use of the ... ‘situationwise’. The speaker thus focuses on the situational con-stitution of the pre-present zone and not only on the temporal location of asituation on the time line. On the constitution reading the pre-present ... constitute the beginning of a longer period.However, the above sentences foreground the full resultant states (of Mr.Leicester being ill, of there being a state of confusion and of ‘my’ knowinghow...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 47 potx
... concerned with NOW or THEN can beclear from the way the sentence is used in context or from particular constitu-ents of the sentence. The impact of particular types of temporal adverbials wasreferred ... selec-tion of the one or the other of the two tenses,see chapter 12.In the present chapter, we first have a look at the central notion of ‘actualization focus’, i. e. the phenomenon that the speaker ... will not deal with the impact of particu-lar types of temporal adverbials but will examine the relevance of ‘actualization focus’and the impact of definite noun phrases and of question words.6.1.1...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 60 potx
... clause of the until-clause: the situation time of the arrival cannotbe represented as T-posterior to the situation time of decided. The only pos-sibility is for the situation time of the until-clause ... is that the situa-tion time of an until-clause cannot be bound indirectly (by means of the use of the conditional tense) by the situation time which also binds the situation time of the head ... However the kind of sentenceto which we have applied the test is not one of the problematic cases. The factthat the test works well in cases of indirect speech is further illustrated by the following:John...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 66 potx
... whether the binding orientation time is the central orientation time of the domain or an-other orientation time in the past domain (i. e. the central orientation time of a subdomain inside the ... use the relative past tense (preterite), irrespective of whether the binding orientation time is the central orientation time or an-other orientation time in the domain. (In other words, the ... predictable. Thisexplains why the use of were going to is odd in the first of the followingexamples, but not in the second: [The procession had now begun to climb the hill.] Soon they {would reach /?weregoing...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 67 potx
... continue the active life, which was the only kind she knew. [The stairs of the old housedefeated her.] (www) [The only problem was that they didn’t have the lightbulbs, the truck to take themthere ... to the use of the present tense of be to for official arrangementsregarding the future (see 7.15), the past tense of be to can be used to refer to apast official arrangement concerning the ... would have finished by the end of the day. The finishing is interpreted as W-anterior to the end of the day, which is W-posterior to the time when Bill made his promise. The conditional tense...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 74 potx
... represent the coming to see the play asanterior to the beginning of the seeing and represent the latter as past withrespect to the rest of the situation of seeing. This divorcing of the coming and the ... intention of doing so. The use of had come to see the play is therefore normal: both the coming to see the playand the resultant state of being in the theatre to see the play are anterior to (in the ... attracted to the success of certain ventures], the situation of never considering taking part in public debate is represented as anterior to the beginning of the new situation (viz. the situation of people...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 98 potx
... period of time. In most cases a habit implies repetition: the characteristic in questionis ascribed to the referent of the subject NP on the basis of the fact that therehave been a number of instances. ... hence of entities, forwhich the head-clause statement is true, the relative clauses in the second pair of examples restrict the number of entities, and hence the number of cases, forwhich the ... Boston. The restriction has to do with the Gricean Maxim of Relation (Relevance). The use of when (in configuration 1) means that the speaker locates the situationtime of the when-clause and the...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 102 potx
... that there is no possibility of using the presentperfect in both the head clause and the before-clause, because the presence of a time-specifying adverbial as a rule prevents the use of the present ... focus on the fact that the situation of the before-clause has not yet actualized when the situation of the head clause actualizes. We have already discussed some examples in14.4.2, but these were ... Adverbial before-clauses and after-clausesimportant than the logical relation: the head clause expresses a kind of (pre)condition for the actualization of the before-clause situation, and the before-clause...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 113 potx
... notinterpreted as homogeneous (ϭ the same all the way through); this means that the verb phrase is only applicable to the kind of situation as a whole: there isno part of the situation type referred ... to the kind of situation (which is then always atelic) andto the verb phrase denoting it. (b) On the level of clauses, ‘homogeneous’ is aninherent feature of nonbounded (actualizations of) ... to the post-present situation as a whole: there is no part of the future (actualization of the) situation that can be satisfactorily referred to by the same clause. As regards clauses and the...
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