... jumping ahead to what we think the speaker might say, we are apt to miss important information. The third component of the listening 15 find the problems in listening course, they can find the ... adjusting the rate of speech, repeating the oral text, and focusing on prosodic features of the text. Top-down strategies, on the other hand, include predicting, inferencing, elaborating and ... speaking and listening. Therefore, the majority of the first- year students at HPU find listening skill challenging to master. In other words, it is a common problem in HPU that most of the students...