... during the War of 1812, when the U.S. went off the gold standard by the end of the war, and returned over two years later. The third was during the Civil War, when the North, as well as the South, ... to the kid on his left, until finally the last personat the end of the line, in turn, owes $10 to the teacher. Each of these debts is due on the first of the month. Butin that case, each of ... how the new money gets injected into the economy. Figure 3.4 shows what happens when M, the supply of dollars, of total cash balances of dollars in the economy, increases: The Mystery of Banking...