... means to create a bridge from thenano- to the macro-scale. Either from the confinedinterior to the exterior of electronic devices or fromnano- to micro-spaces, the space are limited. So, to findthe ... nanostructures has been identi-fied as an effective way to form functional elements thatbridge nano- to macro- scale [18-22], for example, actin,cytoskeleton, bone, and collagen fiber networks in biolo-gical ... everylevel leads to lower total thermal resistance; but when b>b*, the increase of the parallel channels in every level willincrease effective volume of total branched structure, lead-ing to an opposite...