... the system can be divided into two parts. The first part, U0(rN), is the energy ofthe unperturbed system considered as reference system and the second part, U1(rN),istheenergy of the ... byintegrating the partition function with respect to a parameter λ to be defined (8).Firstly, the formal expression of the chemical potential is defined by the energy required tointroduce a new particle ... ions in their compartment during dialysis due to the Donnan effect. Specifically, a non-diffusible polyionic solute excludes diffusible ions of the same charge from their compartment and therefore...