Nanotechnology and the Environment - Chapter 7 docx
Radionuclide Concentrations in Foor and the Environment - Chapter 1 docx
... acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number -1 0 : 0-8 49 3-3 59 4-9 (Hardcover)International Standard Book Number -1 3 : 97 8-0 -8 49 3-3 59 4-5 (Hardcover)This book contains information ... explanation without intent to infringe.Library of Congress Cataloging -in- Publication DataNollet, Leo M. L., 19 4 8- Radionuclide concentrations in food and the environment / Leo M.L. Nollet and Michael ... follows:952 41 Am,92238U,90230Th,89227Ac,88227Ra,84 212 Po.ZAZ1A0eXYe→ +++ 1 νZAA 1 0eXYe→ ++− +Z1ννe0 1 1 1 10enpe→ ++−ν , 1 10 1 10epne→ +++ν . 1 3decay23HHeβ−→ 15 30decay 14 30PSi.β+→ZAZAeXe...
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Radionuclide Concentrations in Foor and the Environment - Chapter 2 docx
... h 22 8Ac 23 2 22 81.9 y56 s0.15 s3.7 d 21 2Pb 21 6Po 22 0Rn 22 4Ra11 h 21 2Bi 21 2Po 20 8Tl61 m(64%)3.1 m61 m(36%)3.1× 10−7s 20 8Pb DK594X_book.fm Page 27 Tuesday, June 6, 20 06 ... m 23 8U 23 4Pa 23 4U 2. 4× 105y3.8 d1.6 × 103y7.7 × 104y 22 2Rn 22 6Ra 21 8Po 23 0 21 4Pb3 m 21 4Bi 21 4Po 21 0Pb 20 m6.4 × 10−5s 21 0Bi 22 .3 y5 d 21 0Po138 d 27 m 20 6Pb DK594X_book.fm ... d 21 9Rn 22 3Ra 21 5Po 22 7 21 1Pb8 ×10−4s 21 1Bi 20 7Tl 20 7Pb36 m 2. 1 m 4.8 m 22 3Fr 22 y (1%) 22 m3.3 × 104y DK594X_book.fm Page 28 Tuesday, June 6, 20 06 9:53 AM© 20 07 by Taylor...
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Radionuclide Concentrations in Foor and the Environment - Chapter 7 docx
... exposure and potentialeffects. The difficulty arises in trying to measure them, either in the field or in alaboratory setting, and then interpret them with regard to an organism’s radiosen-sitivity. ... AM© 20 07 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 216 Radionuclide Concentrations in Food and the Environment As part of the EPIC project (Environmental Protection from Ionizing Con-taminants), ... reproduction was an impor-tant endpoint for assessing the effects of radiation on plants and ani-mals, within the context of developing guidelines for radiationprotection. Cataloging the doses necessary...
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Nanotechnology and the Environment - Chapter 1 ppt
... Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Nanotechnology and the Environment 6 019 8.indb 1 6 /12 /08 1: 31: 28 PM© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC4 Nanotechnology and the Environment Health (BAuA), Federal ... exposure and worked in the area of regulatory compliance for worker and commu-nity right-to-know legislation.6 019 8.indb 11 6 /12 /08 1: 31: 30 PM© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC2 Nanotechnology ... 6 /12 /08 1: 31: 28 PM© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCvi Nanotechnology and the Environment Chapter 10 Nanoparticle Use in Pollution Control 225Kathleen Sellers Chapter 11 Balancing the Risks...
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Nanotechnology and the Environment - Chapter 2 pptx
... Applications 23 2. 4.1 Titanium Dioxide 25 2. 4 .2 Zero -Valent I ron 25 2. 4.3 Silver 26 2. 4.4 Carbon Black 27 2. 4.5 Carbon Nanotubes 28 2. 4.6 Fullerenes 29 2. 5 Summary 30References 31© 20 09 by Taylor ... nanomateri-alstoillustratevariousaspectsofnanotechnology.Unlessotherwisenoted,productinformationinthischapteroriginatedfromtheNanotechnologyConsumerProductsInventorymaintainedbytheWoodrowWilsonInstitute[1].CONTENTS 2. 1 Denitions 12 2 .2 Classication of Nanosca le Mater ials 13 2. 2.1 Origin 13 2. 2 .2 Composition and Structure 13 2. 2.3 Free versus Fixed Nanoparticles 15 2. 3 Properties of ... Technology, 12: 228 25 8.NewYork:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.31. Nowack,B.andT.D.Bucheli .20 07.Occurrence,behaviorandeffectsofnanoparticlesin the environment. Environ. Pollut.,150:5 22 . 32. Lyon, D.Y.,...
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Nanotechnology and the Environment - Chapter 3 potx
... workerexposure. The environmental question that then arises is the capture and reuse of© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC46 Nanotechnology and the Environment FIGURE 3. 5 Example of template-directed ... 33 3. 1.1 Manufacturing: Form and Function 33 3. 1.2 Looking Forward…Looking Back 34 3. 2 A Brief Pr imer on Ma nufactu ri ng Processes 35 3. 3 Ramications of Worker Exposure and Environmental Issues forNanomanufacturing ... forNanomanufacturing 40 3. 3.1 Four “Generations” of Nano-Product Development 40 3. 3.2 The Impact of “Engineered” Nanomaterials 42 3. 3 .3 Integ rati ng Nanopa r t icles into Nanoproducts 43 3.4 Summar y 47References...
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Nanotechnology and the Environment - Chapter 4 pot
... CAA§112(f)(2) ,42 U.S.C.§ 741 2(f)(2). 41 . 42 U.S.C.§ 741 2(r)(1). 42 . CAA § 112(r)(2)(A), 42 U.S.C. § 741 2(r)(2(A). 43 . CAA§112(r)(3 )-( 5) ,42 U.S.C.§ 741 2(r)(3 )-( 5). 44 . CWA§101(a),33U.S.C.§1251(a). 45 . CWA§301(a),33U.S.C.§1311(a). 46 . ... http://www.epa.gov/air/particles/pdfs/whitepaper20051220.pdf.35. 42 U.S.C.,§ 741 2.36. CAA,§112(b)(2) ,42 U.S.C.§ 741 2(b)(2).37. CAA,§112(b)(3)(B) ,42 U.S.C.§ 741 2(b)(3)(B).38. CAA,§112(d)(2) ,42 U.S.C.§ 741 2(d)(2).39. 42 U.S.C.§ 741 2(d)(5). 40 . CAA§112(f)(2) ,42 U.S.C.§ 741 2(f)(2). 41 . ... single- and multi-walled car-bon nanotubes (CNTs), and nano-sized zero-valent iron (nano-Fe0)“toensurethat [the Framework] is exible, practical, affordable, and effective.” The nal docu-ment...
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Nanotechnology and the Environment - Chapter 5 potx
... (SPM)Scanningprobemicroscopy(SPM),arelativelynewertool,providesatruethree-dimensionalsurfaceimage.SPMincludesavarietyofdifferenttechniques,includ - ingatomicforcemicroscopy(AFM)andscanningtunnelingmicroscopy(STM),whichhaveprovenusefulforimagingandmeasuringmaterialsatthenanoscale.SPMtechniquesarebasedonamechanicalsurveyofthesurfaceofanobjectorpar - ticle.Averynetipmountedonacantileverscansoverthesurfaceofinterest,fol-lowingthesurfaceprole.Interactionsbetweenthetipandthesurfacedeectthetipasitfollowsthesurfaceprole.Themovementofthetipinresponsetotheinterac - tioncanbemonitoredwithalaserreectedfromthecantilevertoaphotodiodearray(Figure5.2).STMmonitorstheweakelectricalcurrentinducedasthetipisheldasetdistancefromthesurface.STM,undersomeconditions,canprovidechemicalcomposition ... of Standards and Technology (NIST)In early 2006, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) launched anewstate-of -the- artCenterforNanoscaleScienceandTechnology(CNST) [57 ] .The CNST ... 114 5. 4 Nanotechnology Measurement Research and Future Directions 1 15 5.4.1 United States 1 15 5.4.1.1 N IOSH 1 15 5.4.1.2 U.S. Government-Sponsored Research 117 5. 4.1.3 National Institute of Standards...
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Nanotechnology and the Environment - Chapter 6 pdf
... a()e"©«ª¹»º©«ª¹»º41451 6 030903U¬¬®¼¾½½ (6. 27)where n isthenumberofbindingsitesuponthenanoparticle.Examplesofthedif-ferentialrelationsareprovidedinFigure6.6forC60fullerene-fullerene[A]andC60fullerene ... [31]. 6. 5 CONCLUSIONSLaboratoryandeldstudiestodateshowhownanomaterialsinteractwitheachotherandwithotherenvironmentalconstituentstoaffecttheirfateandtransport .The physicochemical properties of the ... Sediment 1 46 6.4.2 Groundwater 148 6. 5 Conclusions 150 6. 6 List of Symbols 151References 152© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC1 36 Nanotechnology and the Environment Hence,theprobabilityofagivenreactionoccurringinthetimeperiodoft+Y...
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Nanotechnology and the Environment - Chapter 7 docx
... because the toxicity of nanomaterials and theirfateandtransportintheenvironmentwerenotwellunderstoodatthetime,theBritishRoyalSocietyandtheRoyalAcademyofEngineeringrecommendedthat “factories and ... nano-C60, the water-stable aggregate that formswhen fullerenes (C60) come in contact with water.Their research shows that the pHofthewateraffectstheparticlesizeofthenano-C60,andtheionicstrengthaffectsthestabilityofthenano-C60insolution[26].Similarly, ... Nanotechnology and the Environment 7. 2.4 SAND FILTERSBrownian diffusion is the dominant mechanism governing the transport of nanopar-ticles through the granular lter. As theypassthroughthelter,nanoparticlesareremovedfromtheuidstreambyseveralprocesses,including:1....
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Nanotechnology and the Environment - Chapter 8 potx
... curve,whichistypicallyanS-shapedfunction.Plottedonagraph,withthedoseonthex-axisandthepercentoforganismsaffectedonthey-axis,thecauseoftheinectionsintheS-shapedcurveareduetothepresenceofsensitiveindividualsinthelowdoseranges and tolerant individuals in the ... the greatest risk to the lung because they can betransportedlikeagasandreachthedeepestportionofthelungs,thealveoli .The latterstructuresarecrucialforthetransportofoxygentothearterialbloodandtheexchange ... Ecosystems 180 8. 4.1 Methodologies for Evaluating Hazards and their Limitations 188 8. 4.2 Discussion of Results 189 8. 5 RecommendationsforManagingtheRisksofFutureNanomaterials and their Product...
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Nanotechnology and the Environment - Chapter 9 ppt
... 195 9. 1.3 Critical Variables 195 9. 2 Exposure and Effects through Ingestion 196 9. 2.1 Diffusion 196 9. 2.2 Endocytosis 199 9. 3 Exposure and Effects through Dermal Absorption 200 9. 4 Exposure and ... reported dose-dependent lesions, primarily inter-stitial granulomas, in both the 7- and 90 -day groups. The lesions were more promi-nentinthe90-dayanimals.Micealsoweretreatedwithquartzandcarbonblack(whose ... alter the projections of potential adverseeffect and thereby the risk.CONTENTS 9. 1 Risk Assessment and Nanomaterials 194 9. 1.1 Effects of Steric Hindrance 194 9. 1.2 Inammatory and Immune-Based...
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Nanotechnology and the Environment - Chapter 10 doc
... StateUniversity.ThisBNPcontains99.9wt%ironand0.1wt%palladiumandpoly - mersupport.Thepolymerisnottoxic;theU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationhasapprovedtheuseofthepolymerasafoodadditive.ThepolymerlimitstheabilityofthenZVIparticlestoagglomerateandadheretosoils.Casestudiespresented© ... charac - teristicsofthereagent,butalsoontheowofgroundwaterthroughtheaquifer ,the groundwater geochemistry, and the nature of the aquifer materials. nZVI can oxi - dize rapidly and agglomerate and ... indicatedthat the average particle size in RNIP-10DS, as received, was 38 nm and the averagesurface area 25 m2/g.Inanotherstudy,thePolyondivisionofCraneCo.commissionedLehighUni-versity and the Whitman...
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Nanotechnology and the Environment - Chapter 11 (end) pot
... hazard and exposure data, and lack of standardtoolstocombineLCAandRA(Step4). 11. 2.2 NANO RISK FRAMEWORKEnvironmental Defense, a U.S based non-prot environmental advocacy group, and the multi-national ... LLCBalancing the Risks and Rewards 257 11. 3 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSDevelopmentofalternativematerialsandnewcatalystsbasedonnanotechnologyoffers many potential benets to human health and the environment. ... part of the ISO environmental managementstandards(ISO14040),usesamassandenergybalancetodeterminethepotentialeffects of product manufacture on human health and the environment. More for-mally...
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Radio Propagation and Remote Sensing of the Environment - Chapter 7 docx
... inhomogeneities is of primary important (see Chapter 5). We© 2005 by CRC Press 214 Radio Propagation and Remote Sensing of the Environment and the function (see Equations (4 .78 ) and (4 .79 )): (7. 11)It ... 6scoglklL=53221 07. ,µ TF 171 0_book.fm Page 219 Thursday, September 30, 2004 1:43 PM© 2005 by CRC Press 220 Radio Propagation and Remote Sensing of the Environment 7. 5 THE COHERENCE FUNCTION OF A ... TF 171 0_book.fm Page 212 Thursday, September 30, 2004 1:43 PM© 2005 by CRC Press 218 Radio Propagation and Remote Sensing of the Environment In this case, we can neglect the role of small-scale...
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