... 2001).
Region Total population (millions) /urban population (%)
1950 1 975 2000 2030
North America 172 /64 243 /74 310 /71 372 /84
Europe 5 47/ 52 676 / 67 729 /75 691/83
Oceania 13/62 21 /72 30 /70 41 /74
South ... Western Europe.
6 Introduction to Urban Water Distribution
Source – water extraction
Production – water treatment
Distribution
Transport
raw water
Transport
c...
...
log
΄
2.51
D͙2gDS
ϩ
k
3.7D
΅
82 Introduction to Urban Water Distribution
Iter. v
ass
(m/s) D(mm) Re (-) (-) v
calc
(m/s)
2 4.04 561 1 .7 ϫ 10
6
0.0141 2 .79
3 2 .79 676 1.4 ϫ 10
6
0.0139 3.09
4 ... Equation are shown in the following table.
90 Introduction to Urban Water Distribution
Pipe D (mm) Q (l/s) v (m/s) Re (-) (-) S (-) L (m) h
f
(mwc)
1–2 250 75...
... much harder than aluminum and thus more difficult
to machine. Aluminum must be coated or specially anodized to prevent pitting when
exposed to water. The sample flows up through a channel formed ... are mounted
into the flow cell on both ends of the slit. In most cases, the laser/optics assembly
and the detector circuit are bolted to either side of the flow cell. See Figure 7. 1.
The flo...