... available, and most of them yield information on the atomic and chemical composition of the surface and layers just beneath it. These are reviewed elsewhere 183,841 and are beyond the scope of the ... adhesion’. Because of the rather short-range nature of molecular interactions, they occur principally between the outermost molecular layers of the adherend and the molecules of the adhesive immediately ... that the value of yc was independent of the liquids used and was therefore characteristic of the solid alone. He designated it as the ‘critical surface tension’ of the solid, yc, and...