lyons (1996) standard handbook of petroleum and natural gas engineering v 2

... Hydrocarbons by Natural Means 22 5 Definitions and Concepts 21 4. Important Pressure Transient Analysis Equations 22 2. Petroleum Reservoir Definitions 22 5. Natural Gas Reservoirs 22 5. Primary ... Primary Recovery of Crude Oil 22 5. Primary Recovery Factors in Solution -Gas- Drive Reservoirs 22 8. Material Balance and Volumetric Analysis 22 8 Material Balance for Gas Reservoirs 23 1. Material ... Logs and Interpretation 122 . Determination of Initial Oil and Gas in Place 20 8. Productivity Index 21 0. Pressure Transient Testing of Oil and Gas Wells 21 4 Mechanisms and Recovery of...

1,090
620
0

standard handbook of petroleum and natural gas engineering

... 1 .2. 6)bcudaD1D 2 area = 1 /2 D1D 2 sin uNote: a 2 +b 2 +c 2 +d 2 = D 2 1+D 2 2+4m 2 where m = distance between midpoints of D1 and D 2 .●Circlesarea = pr 2 = 1 /2 • Cr = 1/4 • Cd = 1/4 • pd 2 =0.785398 ... 1.5.1.1.5 .2 Higher-Order DerivativesThe second derivative of a function y = f(x), denoted f(x)or d 2 y/dx 2 is the derivative of f(x) and the third derivative,f(x) is thederivative off(x). ... 1.6.5)●(x−h) 2 a 2 +(y−k) 2 b 2 = 1●Coordinates of center C(h, k), of vertices V( h +a, k) and V (h −a, k), and of foci F(h +ae, k) and F(h −ae, k)●Center at originx 2 /a 2 +y 2 /b 2 = 1●Equation...

1,565
993
2

Handbook of Micro and Nano Tribology P4

... aDaanLDDaDLDDaaLDcDDLDcLDccL=+π=−()+π−()−∫∫−()−−()−()−()−() 2 201 2 32 2 22 1 32 32 32 2 2 23 2 43 32 11 2 forforfor .ln .DHa aEG a aaDLcLLc≠=+π=1531534 14 12 34 32 A n a adaDDaraLL=()=−∫0 2 Aa© ... isSCDDDDττ()=−()π−()−()−() 2 23 2 23 22 sin ΓCDGDDD=−()π−()−()−() 2 23 2 23 21 sin ΓSGDDττ τ()=→−()−() 21 22 0 forSGDDτστσ()=−−−()−() 21 2 2 21 22 2exp© ... ()()()()() 2 22 1 32 32 32 234 14 12 34 32 243 32 1153 .ln forfor DD = 15.© 1999 by CRC Press LLC(4.3.10)Here, although the rms slope and the rms curvature are expressed only...

Handbook of Micro and Nano Tribology P8

... and lubricant spreading (Novotny et al., 1989; Novotny, 1990; Mate and Novotny, 1991; Mate, 1992a).This chapter presents an overview of lubrication studies of polar and nonpolar lubricants and ... Force Microscope Study of BoundaryLayer Lubrication,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 61, 22 40 22 42. O’Shea, S. J., Welland, M. E., and Pethica, J. B. (1994), “Atomic Force Microscopy of Local Complianceat ... Pressures of PolymericLiquid Films,” J. Chem. Phys. 94, 8 420 –8 427 .Novotny, V. J. (1990), “Migration of Liquid Polymers on Solid Surfaces,” J. Chem. Phys. 92, 3189–3196.Novotny, V. J.,...

Handbook of Micro and Nano Tribology P14

... at 2 mN MicroSample σ P -V aMicroscale Initial FinalAl 2 O30.97 9.9 0.03 0.18 0 .2 0.6 3 .2 3.7 24 .8 15.0Al 2 O3–TiC 0.80 9.1 0.05 0 .24 0 .2 0.6 2. 8 22 .0 23 .6 20 .2 Polycrystalline 2. 4 20 .0 ... grains. The coefficients of friction of TiC and Al 2 O3 grains are 0.034 and 0. 026 , respectively, and the coefficient of friction of Al 2 O3–TiC composite is 0.03. Local variation in friction ... lubricant film were0.5 and 0.4, respectively, and of unlubricated textured disks and with 2. 5-nm-thick lubricant film were0.5 and 0 .2, respectively.Coefficient of microscale friction values reported...

Handbook of Micro and Nano Tribology P16

... at a normal load of 70 µN with a depth of indentation about 3 nm and hardness values of 15.8 and 19.5 GPa, respectively (Bhushan and Koinkar,1994). Hardness values of virgin and C + -implanted ... characteristics and this behavior has been attributed to the chemical passivity of theoxide and lack of transfer of DLC from the disk to the pin. The behavior of PECVD was comparable tothat of dry oxide, ... K)Coeff. of Thermal Expansion b ( × 10 –6 /°C)Melting Point (°C)Band-Gap (eV) β –SiC 321 0 23 .5 26 .5 440 4.6 85 26 0 4.5–6 28 30 2. 3Si(100) 23 30 9–10 130 0.95 155 2 4.5 1410...

Handbook of Micro and Nano Tribology P5

... equationsHertzDMTBCPJKRSMaugisPAA==3 2 ∆PAA=−=3 2 2∆PA AAA=− −=−3 2 3 2 11∆PA A AAA=−=−3 2 6 26 3∆1 2 12 14311 111431 2 22 2 2 22 322 2 2 22 =−+− −+−+− −=− −+ −=− −()[][][][]λλλλAmm ... nn=−+−++−()−()+()+()+()++()343 82 1313 23 23 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 3 2 12 2 2 3 2 12 1 2 3 2 12 2 2 3 2 12 εεεεεεεε.© 1999 by CRC Press LLCsays that it takes work to move a magnet toward a current loop.) ... repulsive(i.e., positive), depending on the relative values of εm and εs.5.3 .2. 2 DipolesMolecules can have positive and negative ends to them, due to one atom or atomic group having astronger...

Tài liệu Handbook of Micro and Nano Tribology P9 pptx

... 2 12 12 21 2 2 2 21 2 2 2 32 εεεε,γ= =π≈1 2 0 2 2430EAD mJ m 2 ,© 1999 by CRC Press LLCto the shape and rigidity of the solvent molecules, to the presence of other components, and ... 117 51 4 2 01 122 25 7 12 0. sinh . ,::.MM eE mV J m for monovalent salts= 0. 021 1 M mV J m for divalent salts -2 2 :2 -2 =[]()[][]()[]−−0 04 82 103 2 10311 12 20 12 20. tanh tanh ... parallel cylinders of radius R(per unit length)E = F = Two identical cylinders of radius R crossed at 90° E = AR/6DF = AR/6D 2 ARD 12 2 32/ ARD 82 52/ ARD24 32/ ARD16 52/ AkTInnnn=−++−()+()3416...

Tài liệu Colchero, J. et al. “Friction on an Atomic Scale”Handbook of Micro and Nano Tribology P6 Handbook of Micro/Nanotribology. Ed. Bharat ppt

... metallic tip in high vacuum (Binh and Vzan, 1987; Binh and García,19 92) . Surface diffusion will induce migration of atoms from regions of high curvature to regions of lower curvature. Again, to ... displacement of a tungsten wire. As shown in Figure 6.5, the free end of this wire was bent and electrochemically etched to serve as a probing tip. With a typical length of 12 mm and diameters of 0 .25 and ... better understanding of friction and wear could save an enormous amount of energy and money, which would be positive foreconomy and ecology. On the other hand, friction is not only negative, since...

Tài liệu Handbook of Micro and Nano Tribology P10 pptx

... thickness. Similarly, for the case of a hard film on a softer substrate, the hardnesscan be expressed asHH V VH V Vffss=+HHX V VH V Vffss=+3HH V VHX V Vsfss=+3XEHHEfsfsn=HHHHEEhtsfsfsfscf=+ ... hardness of a film/substrate composite is determined by a weightedaverage of the volume of plastically deformed material in the film (V f) and that in the substrate (V s),(10.19)where V = V f + V s. ... response. Pethica and Oliver (1989) pointed out that f will be mostsensitive to small values of S and a0 will be best for larger values of S.FIGURE 10 .28 Schematic wiring diagram of the nanoindenter...

Xem thêm