... places such as Ethiopia (Muleta & Williams, 1999) and India (Sharma, 1991). In the United States, a four-year-old girl acquired traumatic fistula as a result of sexual abuse (Parra & Kellogg, ... International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg declared rape to be a crime against humanity. However, only as recently as 1998 was sexual violence punished as a war crime and rape punished as an act ... recto-vaginal examination and inspect the rectal area for trauma, recto-vaginal tears or fistulas, bleeding and discharge” (WHO & UNHCR, 2005). • A statement by Thoraya Ahmed Obaid, Executive...