... important in determining life outcomes. Below, several skills and capacities are raised that have relatively widespread applicability – as alternative and additional forms of “capital” – in negotiating ... also be strategic: Data suggest that the economic returns to education have increased in recent years – even after taking into account the greater costs of obtaining an education (Barrow & ... White, Black, and Hispanic, respectively (Cataldi, Laird, & Kewal Ramani, 2009 ) . More disturbing estimates, using an alternative formula, suggest that as many as three in ten ninth-graders...