... quaternary amino acid derivatives (Pro, GB, b -alaninebetaine and pro-linebetaine), tertiary amines (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-mehyl-4-carboxyl pyrimidine), and sulfonium compounds (choline- O -sulphate, ... Amino Acids, Proline, and Amides It has been reported that amino acids (such as ala-nine, arginine, glycine, serine, leucine, and valine, the nonprotein amino acids citrulline and orni-thine ... expression of a certain set of genes including the luminal binding protein gene BiP is induced. The under-lying mechanisms of UPR in yeasts and mam-mals have been well researched (Rutkowski and Kaufman...