... a
1
m + ···+ a
k−1
m
k−1
+ a
k
m
k
≤ (m −1)+ (m − 1 )m + ···+ (m − 1 )m
k−1
+ a
k
m
k
= (m
k
− 1) + a
k
m
k
< (a
k
+1 )m
k
≤ b
k
m
k
≤ n,
1.1 Division Algorithm 7
which again is impossible. Therefore, ... b
j
≤ m − 1 imply
that
n = b
0
+ b
1
m + ···+ b
m
≤ (m −1)+ (m − 1 )m + ···+ (m − 1 )m
= m
+1
− 1
< ;m
k
≤ n,
which is also impossible. Therefore...
... divisible by a new prime.
Joke 1.2.2 (Hendrik Lenstra). There are infinitely many composite num-
bers. Proof. To obtain a new composite number, multiply together the
first n composite numbers and don’t ... Stein
November 16, 2011
1.2 The Sequence of Prime Numbers 13
A Mersenne prime is a prime of the form 2
q
− 1. According to [Cal] the
largest known prime as of March 2007 is the 44th known Me...
... r<b.
For example 23 mod 7 = 2 since 23 = 7 · 3+2and−4mod5=1since
−4=5·(−1) + 1.
Note that some calculators and most programming languages have a func-
tion often denoted by MOD(a, b)ormod(a, b) ... both a
and a +1is1.
Elementary Number Theory
W. Edwin Clark
Department of Mathematics
University of South Florida
Revised June 2, 2003
Copyleft 2002 by W. Edwin Clark
Copyleft means that u...
... a
n
.
Proposition 2.2 Each algebraic number α ∈
¯
Q satisfies a unique monic polyno-
mial m( x) of minimal degree.
Proof Suppose α satisfies two monic polynomials m
1
(x), m
2
(x) of minimal
degree d. Then α ... = m
2
(x).
Definition 2.2 The monic polynomial m( x) satisfied by α ∈
¯
Q is called the min-
imal polynomial of α. The degree of the algebraic number α is the degree of it...
... interpolating between powers of 2.
Mathematical Induction 9
15 Theorem (Arithmetic-Mean-Geometric-Mean Inequality) Let a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
be nonnegative real numbers. Then
n
√
a
1
a
2
···a
n
≤
a
1
+ ... )
1/2
k
. (1.4)
❑
This means that the 2
k−1
-th step implies the 2
k
-th step, and so we
have proved the Arithmetic-Mean-Geometric-Mean Inequality for
powers of 2.
10 Chapter 1
Now, assum...
... perturbative renormalization in quantum field theory
viewed as a Riemann-Hilbert problem and presents the Hopf algebra of Feyn-
man graphs which corresponds by the Milnor-Moore theorem to a graded ... string theory compactification with fluxes turns
out to be related to attractive Calabi-Yau 4-folds.
The next contribution is a seminar talk by Matilde Marcolli on chaotic
(mixmaster model) cos...
... f(x) determines immedi-
ately the two-point correction function the form factor of modular domain
eigenvalues.
4.3 Explicit Formulas
Let us define the so-called Kloosterman sums
S(n, m; c)=
(d,c)=1
exp
2πi
c
(nd ... developments. One was the conjectures of
Keating-Snaith and Conrey-Farmer on moments of zeta- and L-functions and
another was the development of the notion of symmetry type of...