... standing for “and,”• the symbol ∨, standing for “or,”• the symbol ⊕ standing for “exclusive or,”• the symbol ¬, standing for “not,”3.1. EQUIVALENCE AND IMPLICATION 93• the symbol ⇒, standing for ... integers for your universe.)13. Each expression below represents a statement about the integers. Using p(x) for “x isprime,” q(x, y) for “x = y2,” r(x, y) for “x ≤ y,” s(x, y, z) for “z = ... is subject to the quantification. For example, using Z to stand for the universe of all integers, we write∀n ∈ Z (n2≥ n)as a shorthand for the statement For all integers n, n2≥ n.” It is...