... construct and compare indicators of business orientation, efficiency, asset quality, and stability of both conventional and Islamic banks.3 We only include banks with at least two observations and ... countries with (i) only conventional, (ii) only Islamic and (iii) both conventional and Islamic banks. Another, smaller, sample comprises only countries with both conventional and Islamic banks, which ... focusing on conventional banks. Hence, we drop Islamic banks, and investigate the effect of the Islamic Bank Share on business orientation, cost efficiency, asset quality and stability of conventional...