... multitude of voices, including those of all notable black leaders and of several whiteones, of the South African Council for Churches, of the Organization of African Unity, of leaders of the Commonwealth ... birthday as an eVective protest. The British Prime Minister,James Callaghan, paid tribute to Mandela in the House of Commons,and tens of thousands of letters of protest from governments, organiz-ations ... Charter of 1 955 and so, as Allister Sparks notes, ‘‘by an associationthat evaded legal restrictions, brought the ANC back into the center of the political arena.’’20Between 1984 and 1988, protest...