... Finally, there is no reason to believe that the best way of catching up depends on research. It may depend, on the contrary, on imitation, on the adoption of innovations developed elsewhere, on non-techno-logical ... unquestionable. The per-spective of the ERA is not a single, centralized research area. At the end of the process, there is neither inte-grationism, nor the elimination of the role of national ... outcome a necessary conse-quence of increasing integration at a European level? This is not the case. The economic analysis of science shows there is only one level of research activity for...