... Theconceptualfluidityofnational innovation systems:Implicationsfor innovation measures 9 MarioScerriChapter2 Innovation systems in emerging and developingeconomies 21 Jean-EricAubertChapter3 Developingthelinkagebetweenpolicy and innovation measurement ... www.hsrcpress.ac.zaxiiiForewordThroughtheDepartmentofScience and Technology(DST),SouthAfricahashadthebenefitofobservermembershipontheOECD’sCommitteeforScientific and TechnologicalPolicy(CSTP)since1998.ThisallowsSouthAfricatoparticipate in theGlobalScienceForum(GSF),WorkingGrouponTechnology and Innovation Policy(TIP),NationalExpertsonScience and TechnologyIndicators(NESTI) and theWorkingPartyonBiotechnology(WPB).TheworkofNESTI,particularly in theareasofResearch and ExperimentalDevelopment(R&D) and Innovation Surveys,hasbeenofspecialinteresttotheDepartment and ledtotheOECD and SouthAfricahostingajointseminaronthemeasurementof innovation activities in OECD and non-OECDcountries in Pretoria in March2001.Theseminarwaswellattended,with132delegatesfromOECDcountries and otherregionsoftheworld(Africa,LatinAmerica and Asia)participating in averyfruitfulexchangeofexperiences.TheimportanceofregularmeasurementofbothR&D and innovation throughpropernationalsurveyswasbroughtintofocusforSouthAfricaattheseminar.IwouldliketotakethisopportunitytosincerelythanktheSteeringCommittee and theteamfromtheOECDSecretariatfortheirhardwork in ensuringthattheseminarwasasuccess.Iampleasedtoreportthatsincetheseminar,SouthAfricahasmaderapidprogress in establishingareliable,nationally and internationallyacceptedsetofofficialscience and technologystatistics.Thesestatistics in turnprovidethemainindicatorsrequiredtounderpintheimplementationofSouthAfrica’snationalR&DStrategyasoutlinedbygovernment. In 2002,theCentreforScience,Technology and Innovation Indicators(CeSTII)oftheHumanSciencesResearchCouncilwascommissionedbyDSTtoundertakearegularseriesofR&D and Innovation Surveys in ordertoestablishabaselineofofficialS&Tindicators. In June2004,theDST and StatisticsSouthAfricasignedaMemorandumofAgreementconcerningtherecognitionofofficialnationalscience and technologystatistics.Thisbookthusrecordsanimportanthistoricalturningpoint in SouthAfrica’sprogresstowardsaneffectivenationalsystemof innovation. Theseminarbroughttotheforesomeofthekeycriticaldifferencesbetweendeveloped and developingcountries in theirapproachestomeasuring innovation. Thesedifferencesareclearlyreflected in thevariouschaptersofthisbook,whichcoversomeofthemostimportantdebatesthatemergedduringtheseminar.RobAdamDirector-GeneralDepartmentofScience and TechnologySouthAfricaFree ... VictorRoss&AntonKleingeldChapter6 Macroeconomicmeasuresforthereturnoninvestment in innovation 83 DavidWalwynPart2 Approachestomeasuring innovation in regions and countriesChapter7 Innovation surveys:LessonsfromtheexperiencesofOECDcountries...