... Neighborhood Effects on Crime and Youth Violence 4.10. Bivariate Correlations Among Neighborhood Factors 74 4.11. Neighborhood Predictors of Youth Violence 75 5.1. Average Crime, by Year, in BID and ... poverty and its association with greater concentrations of delinquent peer groups (Elliott, Huizinga, and Menard, 1989; Farrington, 1989). Communi-4 Neighborhood Effects on Crime and Youth Violence ties ... and objectivity.8 Neighborhood Effects on Crime and Youth Violence 1995) and territorial functioning (Taylor, Gottfredson, and Brower, 1984), as well as providing a place-management function...