... provides a pessimistic prognosis. OBE has indeed had a profound impact on education in South Africa. It stands behind the National Qualifications Framework and has become a main pillar in the national ... such as Thailand, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Botswana, Nigeria, Kenya and Uganda face this problem in a more acute form, but it is also an increasingly urgent problem in countries such as Portugal, ... literacy, and in those, such as South Africa, still trying to establish basic education for all, and in which levels of literacy are comparatively low. A related argument is made in Essay 8....