... usually given at the end of the school year or at the end of the course to measure how far students have achieved the teaching goals. The contents of these tests must be related to the teaching ... each part of the test, the type of materials with which the candidates will have to engage, the source of materials, the extent to which authentic materials may be altered, the response format ... They are usually written before the tests and then the test is written on the basis of the specifications. After the test is written, the specification should be consulted again to see whether...