... competitive demand between users. Changes in land use have an impact in carbon fluxes, and many of the land-use changes involve livestock, either occupying land (as pasture or arable land for feedcrops) ... gases (NOx, CO, and CH4) and aerosols (Crutzen and Andreae, 1990; Scholes and Andreae, 2000). Climate effects include the forma-tion of photochemical smog, hydrocarbons, and NOx. Many ... establishing and managing of pastures, tropical rain forests and savannah regions and grasslands worldwide (Crutzen and Andreae, 1990; Reich et al., 2001). Fire removes ungrazed grass, straw and...