ammonia sensors and their applications — a review

. to gaseous ammonia by alkalinerainwater [23].3. Application areas of ammonia sensors There are many ways to detect ammonia. High concentra-tions are easy to detect because the gas has a very. using a parallel plate wet denuder and an alternat-ing ﬁlter based automatic analysis system, Anal. Chem. 74 (2002)1256–1268. Sensors and Actuators B 107 (2005) 666–677 Ammonia sensors and their. sur-face water. Normally seas and oceans act as a sink for ammo-nia but occasionally they act as an ammonia source [22,23]. Ammonia is produced becauseofthe existence of ammoniumions that are transformed...

Tài liệu RF MEMS And Their Applications P2 docx

... been developed (Fatikow and Rembold, 1997; Rai-Choudhury, 1997),including chemical sensors, gas sensors, optical sensors, biosensors, thermal sensors and mechanical sensors. Some of the major ... as:Z0=µε=LlCl(1.6)vp=1√µε=1√LlCl(1.7)In Equations (1.6) and (1.7) Ll and Clrepresent the inductance and capacitance per unitlength of the line, and ε and µ are the permittivity and permeability of the transmissionmedium.Apart ... developed using standard thin-ﬁlm deposition techniques suchas sputtering, and physical or chemical vapor deposition. Their use in sensors and actuatorsis inherently limited by the quality and repeatability...

Tài liệu RF MEMS And Their Applications P1 pdf

... (additive)RF MEMS and Their Applications16MEMS AND RF MEMS and much progress has been made (Cohen et al., 1999; Ikuta and Hirowatari, 1993; Jiang,Sun and Zhang, 1999; Takagi and Nakajima, 1993; ... Electronic and Acoustic Materials and Devices for their contributions in preparing the manuscript for this book.We would like to thank Professors Vasundara V. Varadan and Richard McNitt for their ... of micromachining and microelectronics on one chip results in so-called smart sensors. In smart sensors, smallsensor signals are ampliﬁed, conditioned and transformed into a standard output format.They...

Tài liệu Financial crises and bank failures: a review of prediction methods docx

... al(2008) and D emyanyk and Van Hemert (2008), it appears the U nited States(in 2007); Argen tina (in 1980); Chile (in 1 982); Sw eden, Norway, and Finlandin (1992); Mexico (in 1994); and T hailand, ... ween 1998 and 2005 ( see M ayer and Pence (2008) for measuresof the s ize a nd t he i ncrease o f the s ubprime mort gage market based onUS Departmen t of Housing and Urban Dev elopment and LoanPerformancedeﬁnitions). ... addition,2See Demyan y k and VanHemert (2008) and Demyanyk (2008) for a more detaileddescription and discussion.3As the total value of subprime securities issued between 2000 and 2007, calculated...

Determinants and their applications in mathematical physics vein r , dale p

... Theory 163.1 Cyclic Dislocations and Generalizations 163.2 Second and Higher Minors and Cofactors 18x Contents3.2.1 Rejecter and Retainer Minors 183.2.2 Second and Higher Cofactors 193.2.3 ... adjective ﬁrst and to refer simply to minors and cofactors and it is convenient to regard Mij and Aijas quantities whichbelong to aijin order to give meaning to the phrase “an element and itscofactor.”The ... expansion formula is proved by both a Grassmann and aclassical method in Chapter 3 after the deﬁnitions of second and higherrejector and retainor minors and cofactors.2A Summary of Basic DeterminantTheory2.1...

new materials for micro - scale sensors and actuators an engineering review

. can takeadvantage of the inherent wide band gap (3.4 eV for GaN), chemical and radiation inertness and high temperatureproperties of GaN. The wide band gap makes it a candidate material for. as potential advantages for such applications. 3.2. Groups III–V materialsGaAs has also attracted interest for microsensors and microactuation due to its piezoelectric properties and highband. provide an overview of the most common materials and their potential advantages and applications. Table 1presents a summary of dielectric, piezoelectric and mechanical properties of a range of...

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Báo cáo "The role of color luminescence centers Mn, Cu, Co in the semicondutors with wide band gap ZnS, ZnO and their applications " pptx

. in ZnO make blue bands at around 476 nm, 486 nm and green band at around 514 nm disappeared. Simultaneously, there are luminescence bands at around 533 nm, 582 nm, 693 nm for bulk samples of. luminescence bands characterized by vacancies of zinc and oxygen are extinguished or their intensities decrease. In PL spectra of ZnS:Cu, ZnS:Mn and ZnO:Co appear luminescence bands at around 533. band is greater than that of the blue band. As increasing the concentration of Cu, the intensity of the blue band decreases while the intensity of the green band increases and reaches to maximum...

Toxic chemicals and childhood cancer: A review of the evidence docx

. particularly the urban poor and urban ethnic and racial minorities (Gurunathan, et al., 1998; Landrigan, 1999). Exposures For years, concerns have been raised over the impacts of agricultural and. Lymphomas and Reticuloendothelial Neoplasms 441 23 Central Nervous System and Miscellaneous Intracranial and Intraspinal Neoplasms (Brain Cancer) 460 78 Renal Tumors (Kidney Cancer) 121 8 Hepatic. of environmentally related childhood cancer—due to hospitalization and treatment, treatment of secondary cancers, lost parental wages, and decreased IQ due to cancer treatments—ranges from $132...

Accounting Anomalies and Fundamental Analysis: A Review of Recent Research Advances doc

. identify candidate working papers and published papers related that to financial market anomalies and fundamental analysis.5,6 We then scan the titles and abstracts of the candidate papers to. and Vargus (The Accounting Review, 2002), “Insider trading, earnings quality, and accrual mispricing.” 8) Desai, Rajgopal, and Venkatachalam (The Accounting Review, 2004), “Value-glamour and. and risks are 20 measured, (ii) how trade impact and transactions costs are quantified and accounted for in trading models, and (iii) how research data differ across academics and practitioners....

Measuring Personal Travel and Goods Movement - A Review of the Bureau of Transportation Statistics’ Surveys pot

. theNational Transportation Atlas Database, international data, and aviation and motor carrierinformation.56061trb024_029 1/13/04 6:06 AM Page 12Measuring PersonalTravel and GoodsMovementNATIONAL. that such information is accurate, reliable, relevant, and in a formthat permits systematic analysis; and • Developing an intermodal transportation database.2The committee used the above mandate. in available transportation data. These data did not readilysupport cross-modal, systemwide analyses; deﬁnitions and quality stan-dards varied; and there were no up-to-date nationwide data on...

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