... bothdirectly, through the interaction of Gbc subunits with PI3K, and indirectly, through the GPCR transactiva-tion of RTKs and integrins. We shall also examine the downstream signaling and physiological ... activation ⁄ inhibition of adenylyl and guanylylcyclases, and the opening and closing of ion channels.In this review, we shall investigate the ability of GPCRs to activate Akt signaling pathways bothdirectly, ... pathwaysmediating the GPCR control of cell cycle progressionare extensive [2], with all pathways converging in the nucleus to regulate the expression, localization, activity or stability of a small number of...