... general relation to “what is being discussed” the “theme” of the sentence, with the normal implication that something new (the predicate) is being said about a “subject” that has already been introduced ... being instigating or causing the happening denoted by the verb.She opened the door The affected is the most typical function of the direct object; it is a participant (animate or inanimate) ... “saying”. The central participant is the Sayer – the participant saying, telling, stating, informing, asking, demanding, offering, threatening, suggesting and so on, The Sayer can be a human or human-like...