... an interuniversity graduate program in economics, operates in five institutions in West Africa. Set up to rectify weak graduate-level economics training in Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa, the ... examined for their potential influence on the ceiling level of TFP. These variables were: openness to trade, being in the tropics, being landlocked, ethno-linguistic fractionalization, and institutional ... on the economy. For those seeking to persuade African governments to rethink their education strategies, stressing the potential economic benefit of higher education appears to be a promising...