... growth, many of them are proto-oncogenes.
For example, one of the genes whose expression is stim-
ulated by MAPK is the proto-oncogene FOS. A proto-
oncogene is a normal gene that potentially can ... organ-
isms.
Cell 86: 521–529.
Millner, P. A., and Causier, B. E. (1996) G-protein coupled receptors
in plant cells.
J. Exp. Bot. 47: 983–992.
Gene Expression and Signal Transd...
... photosyn-
thetic membranes at high light and temperatures. Many
plants, including American oak (Quercus sp.), aspen (Pop-
ulus sp.), and kudzu (Pueraria lobata) emit gaseous five-car-
bon molecules ... Thus, C
4
plants can use
water and nitrogen more efficiently than C
3
plants can. On
the other hand, the additional energy cost of the concen-
trating mechanism (see Chapter 8) makes C...
... microbial signals in plant cells.
Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 46: 189– 214.
Bradley, D. J., Kjellbom, P., and Lamb, C. J. (1992) Elicitor- and
wound-induced oxidative cross-linking ... hypersensitive to UV-B
irradiation.
Plant Cell 5: 171–179.
Lichtenthaler, H. K. (1999) The 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate
pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants.
Annu. Rev. P...
... part of a Ca
2+
-inde-
pendent signal transduction pathway for ABA, or acts far-
ther downstream of calcium-induced signaling events. (The
presence of both Ca
2+
-dependent and Ca
2+
-independent
pathways ... of
ions across membranes and may involve some gene regu-
lation as well, and long-term processes inevitably involve
major changes in the pattern of gene expression.
Signa...
... interleukin-6
(NF-IL6) and signal transducer and activator of tran-
scription-3 (STAT-3) signalling pathways co-operate to
mediate the activation of the hsp90beta gene by inter-
leukin-6 but have ... & Latchman
DS (1999) Signal transducer and activator of transcrip-
tion-1 and heat shock factor-1 interact and activate the
transcription of the Hsp-70 and Hsp-90beta gene...
... [L]
(Leu)
Isoleucine [I]
(Ile)
-
COO
-
COO
-
COO
-
COO
-
COO
-
COO
C
CH
2
C
-
COO
-
COO
-
COO
-
COO
-
COO
-
COO
-
COO
-
COO
-
COO
-
COO
-
COO
-
COO
-
COO
-
COO
-
COO
H
3
N
+
H
3
N
+
H
3
N
+
+
+
H
3
N
+
H
3
N
+
H
3
N
+
H
3
N
+
H
3
N
+
H
3
N
+
H
3
N
+
H
3
N
+
H
3
N
+
H
3
N
+
H
3
N
+
H
3
N
+
H
3
N
+
H
3
N
+
H
3
N...
... temperature, and nutri-
ent and water supply (see Chapter 25,
Web Topic 11.7, and
Web Essay 11.5).
Whole -plant respiration rates, particularly when con-
sidered on a fresh-weight basis, are generally ... 11
RESPIRATION IN INTACT PLANTS AND
TISSUES
Many rewarding studies of plant respiration and its regu-
lation have been carried out on isolated organelles and on
cell-free e...
... com-
munication, via at least three different mechanisms:
1. Ligand-induced signaling
2. Hormonal signaling
3. Signaling via trafficking of regulatory proteins
and/ or mRNAs
Ligand-induced signaling. ... maize and is a gain-of-function
mutation. In
gain-of-function, or dominant, mutations, the
phenotype results from the abnormal expression of a gene.
In contrast, the phenotypes of
lo...
... membranes.
Gene expression and circadian rhy-
thms. Phytochrome can also interact
with circadian rhythms at the level of
gene expression. The expression of genes
in the
LHCB family, encoding the light-
harvesting ... expression of other genes,
such as
LHCB and other “morning genes,” and they repress
genes expressed at night. Light acts to reinforce the effect
of the
TOC1...