... phases of initiation,elongation, termination, and recycling, each phasebeing assisted by a number of protein translation fac-tors [1,2]. Some of these factors, in prokaryotes initia-tion factor ... participatesin two distinct steps of the translation cycle: elonga-tion and ribosome recycling. During elongation, afterformation of each new peptide bond, EF-G binds to the ribosome and, under GTP hydrolysis, ... The mutations can be classified as affecting FA binding, EF-G–ribosome interactions, EF-G conformation, and EF-G stability.AbbreviationsEF-G, elongation factor G; EF-Tu, elongation factor Tu;...