... of neces-sity, possibility, obligation, tendency, etc., in thesource domain, for actors to undertake actions or for a state of affairs to obtain, maps identically torelative degree of necessity, ... UK.{J.A.Barnden,S.R.Glasbey,M.G.Lee,A.M.Wallington}@cs.bham.ac.ukAbstractWe illustrate how the use of metaphoricalviews for reasoning with metaphor re-quires the mapping of information suchas event shape, event rate ... would account for theevidently necessary mappings that we account for by means of VNMAs. This type of neglect iswidespread in the metaphor literature.A further real-discourse example for whichVNMAs...