... before i mprove-ment can become possible. The double-loop learning involved inchanging mental models is crucial to successful management practice.5.6 CONCLUSIONThe system dynamics approach ... exhibit.6.2 DESCRIPTION OF ORGANIZATIONAL CYBERNETICS6.2.1 Historical developmentAccording to Beer, the cybernetic concepts of black box, negative feedbackand variety, which we met in Chapter 1, ... achieved Forrester’s ambition for systems thinking of making it moreapplicable to strategic pro blems.Critics, however (Keys, 1991; Flood and Jackson, 1991; Jackson, 2000),urge considerable caution....