Tài liệu Draining for Profit, and Draining for Health by George E Waring docx

... the horizontal datum-line. Thenumbers above the vertical lines indicate the stakes; the figuresin brackets between these, the number of feet between the stakes; and the heavy figures at the ... what has been said above.At one point, just above the middle of the east side of the field,the laterals are placed at a general distance of 20 feet, because, aswill be seen by reference to Fig. ... attendant then readsthe elevation, and the operator records it as the distance belowthe datum-line of the top of the grade-stake. For convenience,the letterings of the stakes should be systematically...

... amendment to the effect that the amendment shall enter into force unless rejected by the beneficiary within a certain time shall be disregarded. Article 11 Teletransmitted and Pre-Advised ... stipulated document, but must be within the same country as the respective addresses mentioned in the credit. Contact details (telefax, telephone, email and the like) stated as part of the beneficiary’s ... indicate the name of the courier service and be stamped or signed by the named courier service at the place from which the credit states the goods are to be shipped; and ii. indicate a date of...

... are also represented by the features. In practice, the cutting conditions were not dependent on thefeatures. Therefore, we hope that the selected features are not sensitive to changes in the ... the membership degree of tool statesare fused by fuzzy inference, and the accurate tool wear value is detected using the centered defuzzy method.The above processing can be expressed in brief ... therefore, we can considerthe friction between workpiece and tool as the essential source of the AE. The relationship between the RMS of continuous AE and the cutting parameters and tool wear...

...

... the number one reasons mostemployees leave a workplace is because of bad management—notably, they feel their managers don’t trust orrespect their abilities and, therefore, don’t empower them ... doit versus “asking” them what they did and how it went.• They believe that being a manager means that they have more knowledge and/ or skill than theiremployees.• They believe they can perform ... instruction, and offer advice and guid-ance. For example:•If deadlines are missed or customers are not satisfied, a manager needs to get more involved in thedetails to help solve the problem.•...

... 109twoeventsiscalculatedbysubtractingthedateoffirstintercoursesincemenarchefromthedateoffirstmarriage.Iffirstintercourseaftermenarcheoccurredafterfirstmarriage,orbotheventsoccurredinthesamemonth,itisindicatedaccordinglyintable26.Monthspregnantwhenprenatalcarebegan—Forallpregnanciesendinginanywayotherthaninducedabortionin1991–95,womenwereaskedtoreportiftheyhadevervisitedadoctor,midwife,orclinicforprenatalcare.Thosewhoreportedanyprenatalcarewerethenaskedhowmanyweeksormonthspregnanttheywerewhentheyfirstwentforprenatalcare.ThePNCAREWKrecodeindicatesthenumberofweekspregnantatfirstprenatalvisit.Table83givesthepercentdistributionofPNCAREWKforallpregnanciesthatresultedinlivebirthin1991–95.Thecategoriesshownare‘‘lessthan3months,’’‘‘3–4months,’ and ‘5monthsormoreornoprenatalcare.’’‘‘Lessthan3months’’isdefinedaslessthan13weeks,tobeconsistentwiththedefinitionofearly(firsttrimester)prenatalcareinpreviousreportsfromtheNSFG.Mother’seducation(recode=EDUCMOM)—‘‘Mother’seducation’’wasclassifiedaccordingtothehighestgradeofregularschoolorcollegecompletedbytherespondent’smotherormother-figure.ThismeasurediffersslightlyfrompastNSFGreportsthatwerebasedonaquestionaskingforeducationof‘‘mother’’or‘‘stepmother.’’TheCycle5versiondiffersbecausetheidentityofthemotherormother-figurewasascertainedinamorepreciseway:ifthechildhoodlivingarrangementsshowedthattherespondentlivedwithhernaturalmotheratsomepointandneverlivedwithafemaleparentotherthanthenaturalmother,thenthenaturalmotheristhepersonaboutwhomeducationwasasked.Otherwise,therespondentwasasked:‘‘Who,ifanyone,doyouthinkofasthewomanwhomostlyraisedyouwhenyouwereateenager?’’Thepersonreportedbecomesthepersonaboutwhomeducationisasked.Respondentseligibleforthatquestionwereallowedtorespond‘‘nosuchperson,’ and 0.7percentofsamplecasesfellintothiscategory.Thiscategoryislabeled‘‘nomother-figureidentified’’inthetables.Anadditional4.3percentofinterviewedwomenhadmissingdataonmother’seducation,andthesevaluesfortheEDUCMOMrecodewereimputed.Nonvoluntaryfirstsexualintercourse—Thevoluntary/nonvoluntarystatusoffirstintercoursewasdeterminedfromtwoquestionsintheinterviewer-administeredinterview.First,respondentswereasked:‘‘LookingatthescaleonCardC-3,whichnumberwouldyousaycomesclosesttodescribinghowmuchyouwantedthatfirstsexualintercoursetohappen?Onthisscale,a1meansthatyoureallydidn’twantittohappenatthetime ,and a10meansthatyoureallywantedittohappen.’’Womenwhorespondedtothisquestionthattheirfirstintercoursewasarapeareclassifiedashavingnonvoluntaryfirstintercourse.Respondentswhoreportedanythingotherthan‘‘rape’’wereasked:‘‘Wouldyousaythenthatthisfirstsexualintercoursewasvoluntaryornotvoluntary?’’Respondentsanswering‘‘notvoluntary’’arealsoclassifiedashavingnonvoluntaryfirstintercourseforthetable(table21).Numberofhusbandsorcohabitingpartners—TherecodeFMARNOgivesthenumberoftimesawomanhasbeenlegallymarried.Womenwerealsoaskedthenumberofothercohabitingpartnerstheymayhavehad.Table37isbasedonthetotalnumberofhusbandsandcohabitingpartners,computedasfollows:FMARNO+(1ifcurrentlycohabiting)+(#ofothercohabitingpartners)Husbandswithwhomawomanalsocohabited(outsideofmarriage)arecountedonlyonce,ashusbands.Numberofmalesexualpartners—Eachwomanwhohadeverhadvoluntarysexualintercousewasaskedtoreportthenumberorrange(low-high)ofmaleswithwhomshehashadsexual(vaginal)intercourseinherlife,asofthedateofinterview.ShewasalsoaskedtoreporthernumberofmalesexualpartnerssinceJanuary1991(roughlythelast5years)andinthelast12months.Ifarangeofpartnerswasreported,thenumberofpartnerswascalculatedastheaverageofthelowandhighnumbers.Inthosefewcaseswheretherespondentreportedzeropartnersforthelowendoftherangeandonepartnerforthehighend,thenumberofpartnerswassetequaltoone.Respondentswhohadneverhadintercourseorwhohadonlyhad(first)nonvoluntaryintercoursewereassignedzero.Thereweretwoversionsofthisseriesofthreequestionsaboutnumberofmalesexualpartners.Thedescriptionaboveappliestotheversionintheinterviewer-administeredportionofthesurvey,andtheseresultsarepresentedintables27,29 ,and3 1.ThesequestionswererepeatedintheAudioCASI,orself-administered,portionofthesurvey,attheendoftheinterview.Eachpairofquestions(interviewer-administeredandself-administered)waswordedalmostidentically,althoughtheAudioCASIquestionsaskedforaspecificnumberanddidnotallowarangetobegiven.Also,thequestionsintheself-administeredportionwereprefacedbythefollowinginstruction:‘‘ ... 111Uptofourracialgroupscouldbechosen.Respondentswhoidentifiedthemselveswithmorethanoneracialgroupwereaskedtoselectonegroupthat‘‘bestdescribes’’them,andtheRACErecodereflectedthisresponse.Becauseoflimitedsamplesize,Asian,PacificIslander,Alaskannative ,and AmericanIndianwomenwerecombinedandpresentedinthisreportas‘‘Non-Hispanicother’’races.+Comparisonwithbirthcertificatedata—Thedataintable6ofthisreportshowthatfortheyears1991–94,theNSFGestimatesofthenumberofbirthsareveryclosetothebirthcertificatetotals,bothoverall,forindividualyears ,and forbirthstowhitewomen.TheNSFGestimatesaresomewhatlowerforblackwomenandsomewhathigherforwomenof‘‘other’’racesthanthebirthcertificatedata.Thesedifferenceslargely(withinsamplingerror)canceleachotherout.Butthedataintable6suggestthatsomewomenwhoreportthattheyareof‘‘other’’races(AsianorPacificIslander,orAmericanIndianorAlaskannative)inasurveyliketheNSFGmaybeclassifiedaswhiteorblackbyathirdpartyfillingoutabirthcertificate.Inaddition,somewomenwhoidentifywithmorethanoneracialgroupmayidentifythemselvesprimarilywithaparticulargroup,butathirdpartymaynotchoosethatracialgroupifaskedtoclassifythembyrace.Theseissuesdonotappeartoaffectthecomparabilityofthetotalnumberofbirthsbyyearorothercharacteristics,whichshowverygoodagreementbetweentheNSFGandtheregisteredbirths.+InterpretationofdatabyraceandHispanicorigin—DataareshownbyraceandHispanicorigininthetablesbecauseNCHSisfrequentlyaskedtoprovidedataseparatelyforwhite,black,andHispanicwomen.Raceisassociatedwithanumberofindicatorsofsocialandeconomicstatus.Measuresofsocioeconomicstatus(forexample,educationandincome)arenotalwaysavailableforthepointintimewhentheeventbeingstudiedoccurred.Whilecharacteristicssuchaseducationandincomecanchangeovertime,raceandethnicitydonotchangesotheycanbeusedatallpointsintimeasproxiesforsocioeconomicstatus.Differencesamongwhite,black,andHispanicwomeninthephenomenapresentedinthetablesprimarilyreflectthelowerincomeandeducationallevelsofblackandHispanicwomen,theirmorelimitedaccesstohealthcareandhealthinsurance,thecommunitiesinwhichtheylive,andotherfactors(seereference14,tables49,53,81,173).Forsomerecentanalysesofdifferencesinbirthratesbyraceandorigin,seereferences1,15,40 ,and4 1.ReasonsforHIVtest—Allrespondentswhoreportedthattheyhadeverhadtheirbloodtestedforhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV),thevirusthatcausesAIDS,wereaskedthereasonsfortheirmostrecenttest.Theresponselistwasasfollows:+forahospitalizationorsurgicalprocedure+toapplyforhealthorlifeinsurance+becauseyouwerepregnantorbecauseitwaspartofprenatalcare+justtofindoutifyouwereinfected+becauseofareferralbyadoctor+otherreason(specify)Table86showsthepercentscitingspecificreasons,withthepercentsaddingtomorethan100becausesomewomengavemorethanonereasonfortheirHIVtest.Reasonsforsterilizingoperations—Table54showsreasonsreportedfortuballigations,hysterectomies ,and vasectomies.Foreachofhersterilizingoperations,therespondentwasasked:‘‘NowpleaselookatCardD-3whichlistssomereasonsthatwomensometimesgiveforhavingsterilizingoperations.Whichreasonorreasonsdoyoubelieveareclosesttoyourown?’’Womencouldchoosealloftheapplicableresponsesfromthefollowinglist:+Youhadallthechildrenyouwanted+Yourhusbandorpartneratthetimedidnotwantanymorechildren+Financialreasons,thatis,youcouldnotaffordanotherbaby+Medicalreasons+Reasonsrelatedtobirthcontrol+SomeotherreasonsforsterilizationThosementioning‘‘medicalreasons’’wereasked:‘‘PleaselookatCardD-4.Whichofthesemedicalreasonsdidyouhave?’’Theresponselist,againpermittingallapplicablereasonstobecoded,readasfollows:+Medicalproblemswithyourfemaleorgans+Pregnancywouldbedangeroustoyourhealth+Youwouldprobablyloseapregnancy+Youwouldprobablyhaveanunhealthychild+Someothermedicalreason(specify)Thosementioning‘‘reasonsrelatedtobirthcontrol’’intheoriginalquestionwereasked:‘‘Wasyourmethodofbirthcontroldangeroustoyourhealthordidyounotlikeyourmethodofbirthcontrolforotherreasons?’’Womenreportingmorethanonereasonfortheirsterilizingoperationwereaskedtoidentifytheirmainreason.Reasonsforvasectomies—Womenwereonlyaskedaboutreasonsforvasectomyifhercurrenthusbandorcohabitingpartnerhadhisvasectomyduringtheirrelationship.Thequestionsaskedaboutreasonsforvasectomyweregenerallysimilartothoseaskedforfemalesterilizationoperations.Theexceptionwasthatintheresponselistformedicalreasons,‘‘medicalproblemswithyourfemaleorgans’’wasreplacedwith‘‘HEhadahealthproblemthatrequiredtheoperation.’’Regionofresidence(atinterview)—TheREGIONrecodeclassifiesregionofresidenceattimeofinterviewintothefourmajorcensusregions:Northeast,Midwest,South,andWest.ThesePage112[Series23,No.19 ... 101AppendixDefinitionsofTermsThisappendixdefinesanumberoftechnicaltermsusedinthisreport.Thetermsarelistedinalphabeticalorder.SomeofthedefinitionsusedirectquotationsfromtheNSFGquestionnaire;thoseareshowninquotationmarksanditalics.Forconvenienceinwriting,thewomenwhowereinterviewedintheNSFGaresometimesreferredtoas‘‘respondents’’inthisappendix.ToassistusersoftheNSFGpublic-usecomputerdatafile,theshortvariablenamefromthedatafile(upto8characters)isalsoshowninthedefinition.(Forexample,AGEAPR1 ,for AgeonApril1,1995;andHIEDUC ,for Educationatinterview,etc.)AdditionaldetailsontheprecisespecificationsofsomeofthevariablesaregiveninAppendix1theUser’sGuidetotheNSFGpublic-usedatafiledocumentation.Additionalbirthsexpected—TherecodeADDEXPindicatesthenumberofchildrenawomanexpectstogivebirthtointhefuture,includingacurrentpregnancyifapplicable.Womenwhoweresterileorwhoweremarriedtosterilemenwereclassifiedasexpectingzeroadditionalbirths.Thosephysicallyabletohavebirthswereaskedwhetherthey,andtheircurrenthusbandorpartnerifapplicable,intendedtohaveanybabiesinthefuture ,and, ifso,howmany.Womenwhodidnotknowwhethertheyintendedtohaveanyfuturebirths,orwhodidnotknowaparticularnumbertheyintendedtohave,wereaskedforthesmallestandlargestnumberstheyexpectedtohave.Theestimateofadditionalbirthsexpectedinthosecasesisanaverageofthesmallestandlargestnumbersgiven.Ageatbirth—TheAGEPREGrecodegivesthewoman’sageincompletedyears(forexample,2200–2299equalsage22)atthetimewheneachofherpregnanciesended.TheOUTCOMErecodeindicatestheprimaryoutcomeofeachpregnancy,assigningpriorityinthefollowingorder:livebirth,abortion,stillbirth,miscarriage,andectopicpregnancy.‘‘Ageatbirth’’asshowninthisreport’stablesisdefinedasAGEPREGwhenOUTCOMEequals‘‘livebirth.’’Thecategoriestypicallypresentedare:lessthan20years,20–24years,25–29years ,and3 0–44years.Ageatconception—TheAGECONrecode,‘‘ageattimeofconception,’’isusedinsometablesconcerningcontraceptivemethoduseandintendednessofpregnancies.Foreachcompletedpregnancy,AGECONisdefinedastherespondent’sageincompletedyearsattheapproximatetimewhenherpregnancywasconceived,regardlessofpregnancyoutcome.Ageatfirstmarriageandyearoffirstmarriage—TheFMAR1AGErecodegivesthewoman’sageincompletedyearsatfirstformal(legal)marriage.YearoffirstmarriageisbasedontheMARDAT01recode,whichgivesthedateincenturymonthsofawoman’sfirstformalmarriage.Ageatfirstsexualintercourse—Threedifferentdefinitionsofageatfirstintercourseareusedinthisreport:+Ageatfirstintercourseever(recode=VRY1STAG)+Ageatfirstintercourseaftermenarche+Ageatfirstvoluntaryintercourse(recode=VOL1AGE)Formostrespondents,thevaluesofthesevariablesarethesamebuttheymaydifferifherfirstintercoursewasbeforemenarcheorifitwasnotvoluntary.Allthreemeasuresarebasedprimarilyonaquestionasking:‘‘Thinkingabouttheveryfirsttimeinyourlifethatyouhadsexualintercoursewithaman,howoldwereyou?’’Todeterminethesecondandthirdmeasures,otherinformationisused:theMENARCHRrecode,whichspecifiesherageatfirstmenstrualperiod ,and itemsthatcapturewhetherthefirstintercoursewasvoluntaryornonvoluntary(seedefinitionofNonvoluntaryfirstsexualintercourse).VRY1STAG(ageatfirstintercourseever)isusedintables2 1and2 6–31.Intables26–31,itisusedasanindependentorpredictorvariablewhennumberofsexualpartnersisusedasthedependentvariable.‘‘Ageatfirstintercourseaftermenarche’’isusedasthedependentvariableintable20.VOL1AGE(ageatfirstvoluntaryintercourse)isusedintables2 3and2 4asanindependent(orpredictor)variable.(Consult1995NSFGPublicUseFileDocumentation,User’sGuide,Appendix1,forprecisespecificationsforthesemeasures.)Ageatinterview—Inthisreport,‘‘ageatinterview’’(recode=AGEAPR1)isclassifiedbasedontherespondent’sageasofApril1,1995,theestimatedmidpointoftheinterviewingperiod.Samplewomenwereeligibleforthe1995NSFGiftheywere15–44yearsofageonApril1,1995—thatis,iftheywerebornbetweenApril1,1950 ,and March31,1980.Exactageattimeofinterviewisalsointhedatafile(recode=AGER),butmaynotbeequaltoAGEAPR1inallcases.Ageoffirstpartner—Eachrespondentwhoeverhadvoluntary(vaginal)sexualintercoursewithamalepartnerwasaskedtheageincompletedyearsofherfirstvoluntarypartneratthetimeherfirstintercourseoccurred.Theword‘‘voluntary’’wasonlyusedinquestiontextwhentherespondenthadpreviouslyreportedthatherfirstintercoursewasnotvoluntary.Ageofyoungestchild/ageofchild—The‘‘ageoftheyoungestchild’’or‘‘ageofchild’’ispresentedintablesonchildcarearrangements.Agewasascertainedfromthehouseholdroster,whichcollectedtheage(inyears,ormonthsifunderoneyear),relationshiptotherespondent,andsexofeverymemberoftherespondent’shousehold.Householdmemberswhowerethewoman’snaturalchild,stepchild,orpartner’schildandwhowereunder13yearsofage,werethechildrenreferencedinthechildcareseries.Theageoftheyoungestsuchchildwasclassifiedas‘‘under5years’’or‘‘5–12years’’inthetables.Amountpaidperweekforchildcare—ThiswasascertainedfromaquestionaskingaboutthetotalchildcarepaymentforallchildrenunderagePage102[Series23,No.1913,...

... receptors. Interestingly, P2X and P2Y receptors are expressed primarily in afferent but not in efferent arterioles; therefore, the effects of PPADS on efferent arterioles suggest the presence of additional ... analyzed once they have been obtained from three different sites (the cranial, middle and caudal poles). Waveforms should be optimized for measurement by the use of the lowest pulse repetition ... sufficient tensile strength to withstand mechanical stresses and adequate flexibility to change shape as needed (Eber & Lux, 2004). The flexible, biconcave shape enables erythrocytes to squeeze through...

... Therefore, even if protein and blood are remained together with lipid contamination, respectively dirt can be detected by this measurement method. The next challenge is to integrate the fiber ... Therefore, the nurse must evaluate the cleanliness of the equipment used after cleaning and sterilizing. So far, the cleanness of medical equipment has been evaluated by visual inspection, test ... considered the polyester included different components as the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and poly trimethylene terephthalate (PTT). The first differential spectra of cotton and polyester and...

... higher premiums to older individuals than to younger ones, because older people are more likely to need health care services. On average, the expected health costs of people over age 50 are more ... unacceptable waiting periods and skimpy benet packages. Health reform must ensure that women have access to comprehensive health benets that meet their needs; adequate maternity coverage must ... calculated the “gender gap”—the dierence in premiums charged to female and male applicants of the same age and health status. These ndings are reected in Appendix 1. For the second gender rating...